Internal Conflict in Poe and Hawthorne

Critics of early American literature argue that, â€Å"the conflict present in early American Literature is internal,† and that it, â€Å"is often presented as having a cosmic scale,† with â€Å"characters [who] are often alienated and isolated† (class handout).   These internal conflicts take place in the protagonists’ minds and they drive the plot’s action by focusing on struggles about the very nature of life so that the characters pitted against them suffer from their problems on a personal level thereby rendering them utterly alone and separate from other characters. It is their loneliness in a time of mental anguish that creates the drama and suspense necessary for reflecting the interior action of the story that leads to a reader’s understanding of the character is split in arriving at a solution to the problem. Two authors that support this idea are Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allen Poe.   Both authors tend to focus on protagonists that are both figurative and literally split from society and suffering emotionally from internal struggles over choices and actions of their pasts.   Moreover, these two authors’ characters demonstrate conflicts that examine the consequences of past acts on the present and the grand schemes of their lives. Edgar Allen Poe’s story, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† is one example of this type of internal conflict and its effects on the character, Roderick Usher.   This story uses the gothic elements of the dark, depressing setting to communicate the isolation of first Roderick and Madeline Usher and then the story’s protagonist and narrator whose mental capacities weaken within the diseased setting of the Usher household.   The narrator seeks to help his friend, Roderick Usher overcome some mysterious malady described as, â€Å"some oppressive secret, to divulge which he struggled for the necessary courage†Ã‚   (cite here). Clearly, Poe creates the idea of Usher’s desire to overcome an internal conflict of cosmic proportions, but by the end of the story it is the narrator who has become isolated in a struggle to overcome an internal conflict created in the dark, empty hours of his time spent in the alienated and spiritless world of the Usher’s once grand house.   The conflict that never fully materializes culminates in the narrator’s discovery of the evil working of Roderick Usher upon his â€Å"sick† sister, Madeline and his complicity in burying her alive and the witnessing of Roderick’s well-planned death alongside his sister in her tomb. His conscience then splits like the Usher house and choosing good over evil, the narrator resolves his conflict when he, â€Å"fled aghast† from the house as it shook and crumbled to the ground.   His survival and surmounting of the internal struggle he helped to create as he sought ways to help his sick friend is shown through his retelling of the story from a present perspective that recognized the horror and emotional torture of his the conflict that moved forward the story’s action. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s story, Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment† presents another example of a character who suffers from an internal conflict of cosmic proportions that leads to his isolation from the rest of society.   Dr. Heidegger possesses an elixir that when consumed reverses aging and renders people young again.   He tempts others with its seductive promises of eternal youth but he does not desire that state for himself; he is content to live reflect the decay of his study, â€Å"a dim, old fashioned chamber, festooned with cobwebs, and besprinkled with antique dust†Ã‚   (Hawthorne). Dr, Heidegger’s interest in the potion is only its ability to breathe life into a faded, fifty-year-old rose given to him by his love that has long since died.   His guests are only a part of his experiment to create a potion strong enough to give everlasting life to his rose so that it may accompany him to death, â€Å"’My poor Sylvia’s rose!’ ejaculated Dr. Heidegger, holding it in the light of the sunset clouds† (Hawthorne). Upon the realization of his failure and his miserable, lonely struggle to bring back the past and the love it bore, he resolves his internal misery with the realization that the rose is no less beautiful dead than alive.   He states, â€Å"I love it as well thus† at the moment he concludes that it is really Sylvia that he loved and the rose, in its withered state was nothing more than a symbol of that love. Both Poe and Hawthorne are known for creating story’s with characters who suffer internal conflicts against dark, depressing setting that support deeply disturbing atmospheres and moods.   Moreover, their characters grapple with issues that seek to answer questions that have no solutions available to man.   They only resolve their internal struggles when they recognize the futility of their struggles. The narrator in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† and Dr. Heidegger in â€Å"Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment† reflect critics ideas about early American literature’s treatment of conflict and its impact upon individuals who find themselves utterly alone and alienated through the choices they made.   The horror of this realization leads them to ultimately resolve and overcome the misery they are responsible for cultivating.      

The Environmental Case Analysis Of Ryanair Commerce Essay

â€Å" In an administration the most of import characteristic is its scheme, because scheme is the characteristic which gives the agencies to the house to be successful. This is an effectual long-run method to carry on an administration to make its aims and ends to remain set on its competitory border † The range of this essay is to confer with the strategic analysis of environment and the industry together with the company ‘s present strategic picks, and besides it is requested to urge new strategic enterprises and countries for bettering scheme execution for the senior direction squad of Ryanair. This is conducted with the usage of six strategic theoretical accounts ( SWOT, PESTLE, Porter ‘s Five Forces, Strategic groups, Value Chain and VRIO ) that are recommended to be used to analyze the internal and external environment of the company. Each theoretical account will be taken in to deliberation and discussed carefully to foreground what had begin the instance for the negative perceptual experience and the positive perceptual experience of both the clients and the companies towards its growing and sustainability Therefore this instance survey will be analysed to trap point on what should be done for the hereafter strategic direction of the company. â€Å" Out of all the low menu air hoses in the European industry Ryanair takes the lead. This air hose nevertheless is from Ireland and its caput office is situated in Dublin. London Stansted Airport in UK is its chief operational base. Ryanair is named as the largest low cost bearer and the is the 3rd largest air hose in the history of rider Numberss. † To offer- secure, cost competitory and efficient in services in the air power trucking and to retain their employees dedication and devotedness to carry through the aims of the industry, to keep minimal criterion of on clip public presentation rate while following will all application ordinances and to prolong an environments where self-respect and household values are being utilized. Aims To accomplish gross growing yearly To take on holding a bigger market portion To hold a better client service than their rival companies To hold a stronger concern image Reputes with clients than challengers To be recognized as a leader among air hose industries To vie in the planetary market To hold a stable competitory advantage ( Marivic.B 2009 )3.0 Micro environment analysis ( Internal analysis )â€Å" Administrations create worth of client value being measured by a merchandise public presentation characterises and by the credits which clients are willing to pay, by using the capablenesss and resources that are found internally and making the demand of standard planetary competition. These peculiar aggregation of capablenesss and resources which gives the sole advantages to the administration are hence measured as nucleus competences † Carpenter, Bauer, Erdogan ( 2009 )3.1 SWOT analysis ( Strength and Weaknesses )StrengthsThe lowest cost in contrast to all the other LCC in Europe The low cost leading had made it stand out from the sphere of LCC industry in Europe The universe ‘s most profitable air hose Harmonizing to the instance Ryanair was the most profitable air hose in the universe on the footing of its operating and net net income border, on per air hose and rider footing. Brand acknowledgment It is claimed harmonizing to the instance that Ryanair ‘s web site was the largest travel web site in Europe and the fifth most recognized trade name in Google The attitude of No frill Low menu To get the better of the failing of low riders the air hose restyled the system with this attitude Compared to other LCC air hoses Ryanair has the most riders 42 million riders in 2007 Most sum of bases with most sum of aircrafts Harmonizing to the instance survey Ryanair has flown from 16 bases with over 100 new Boeing 737-800 telling farther 138 new air trades duplicating the size Highest control in the EU low cost market 29.9 % from the full Low cost market Bing the youngest fleet of all the major air hoses in the EU Replacing its fleet of old aircrafts with new, more eco friendly aircrafts, minimising the mean age of its fleet to 2.4 old ages.FailingsWheelchair coursers Bad repute and ethical issues reflected when ryanair charged 18 lbs to utilize a wheelchair and in response to the protest it reduced the charge to 50 cents wheelchair toll on every rider ticket Poor service quality The small legroom and unfriendly staff being the worst portion of Ryanair ‘s know-how Excess charge for nutrient and baggage ‘s Carryon baggage ‘s being limited and doing them look into in bags leting the riders to walk in with lower limit of clasp baggage Bad relationship with the pilots Ryanair has bullied pilots to coerce them to hold to new contracts wherer they would hold to pay 15,000 francs for retraining on new aircrafts if they left the air hose. Airports in the suburbs Away from the chief metropolis make the clients inconvenient Negative response by the riders for the extra services Harmonizing to the instance non all accessory services enterprises were successful in 2005, riders were opposition to pay extra sum because they thought it is non a worthwhile investing for a short flight.3.2 The Value concatenationInfrastructure of the houseAround Europe Ryanair has 16 bases holding the chief bases in Stanstead and Dublin. The coursers of Ryanair airdromes are low due to its usage of airdromes that are significantly off from the congested chief airdromes. As version for surcharges are non included for fuel they have to cut costs of on other ways with implementing coursers for the usage of wheelchairs, nutrient and excess baggage ‘s. Ryanair holding one type of aircrafts ( boeing 737 ) they merely have to develop the pilots to wing thos peculiar plane hence can cut down costs as they do non hold to be sent to assorted courses.The hierachial construction of Ryanair is really effectual as the directors have to describe to the Chief executive officer to do determi nation from the information given.Human Resource directionHaving the employees sleep in the bases and non holding them remain in hotels has made Ryanair cut down costs. Ryanair can do future programs since they have a good roll for most of their workers holding 4 yearss on and 3 yearss away.Technological developmentOnline engagement was introduced by Ryanair for the first clip and therefore they became eligible to cut down their costs. Self-check service enabling to the riders was besides introduced excessively therefore Ryanair was able to cut down staff and cost. Having the youngest fleets in the EU made Ryanair reduced in costs for the new aeroplanes.ProcurementRyanair merely supplying a service and holding to outsource the stuff they need. in add-on to that they have to purchase fuel and equipment jointly with renting planes.Inbound logisticsOut sourcing of managing services is really common fir a concern like this I.e. cleansing service, nutrient, medical services and security/safety.OperationssBefore puting off it is a must to look into out all the planes and equipments by the pilots and the airdromes used are non really engorged and merely do point to indicate tripsSelling and gross revenuesHaving the biggest web site in Europe and holding big advertisement boards made them increase in gross revenues and selling. However the effort of presenting the amusement installation onto flights where clients had to pay more was failed as people refused to pay due to short journeysServiceHaving tried to maintain the fleet up-to-date and allowing the staff go on class one time a twelvemonth to better their cognition and doing certain they know all the new ordinances made Ryanair powerful on services every bit good.3.3 VRIO Analysisâ€Å" Resources and capablenesss can be regard as things that an organisation ain. It is indispensable to contract down and clear up the nucleus competences to understand th e significance of the different organisational public presentations. If an organisations resource and capablenesss are valuable, rare, inimitable and organized so it will direct to a sustainable competitory advantage. The internal analysis can therefore be analyzed through this base of VRIO model. † Carpenter. M, Bauer. T, Erdogan.B ( 2009 ) Analysis of the instance Recourses Valuable Rare Inimitability Organized Competitive Deduction ( 1 ) Human Resources No No No No Competitive disadvantage ( 2 ) Finance Resources Yes Yes Yes Yes Sustainable competitory advantage ( 3 ) Tangible assets Yes No No Yes Competitive Parity ( 4 ) Intangible assets Yes Yes Yes Yes Sustainable competitory advantage ( Table 1 ) The human resource of Ryanair is a competitory disadvantage as it highlights on bad relationship with pilots therefore it is non valuable it is non rare it is inimitable and it is non organized as it is non efficaciously arranged and deployed in the market. The Finance resources of Ryanair is valuable, it is rare, it can non be imitated by other air hoses and it is good organised and efficaciously arranged in the market therefore it is a sustainable competitory advantage. The touchable assets of Ryanair i.e. the aeroplane types etc are valuable but they are non rare they can happen them anyplace and the planes are imitable as any other company could hold the same sort of flights. They are really good organized with the youngest planes and eco friendly with better air hoses to come in to the house in the hereafter. Thus it has a competitory para. The intangible assets of Ryanair particularly the trade name acknowledgment are valuable they are rare and they are inimitable and they besides efficaciously assist the administration to be organized. Thus it is a sustainable competitory advantage.4.0 External analysis4.1 SWOT analysis ( Opportunities and Threats )OpportunitiesGross saless additions due to recognition crunch As a consequence of the recent recession the recognition crunch made the gross revenues addition as many clients wanted to cut down their costs. Can fall in the long draw market incursion by the possibility of taking over Aer Lingus As the consequence of losing the command Miceal O'Leary assumed that Aer Lingus can be bought over as it has no long term hereafter. Most paths are being clear as other bearers start retreating As the clang increased with the paths of Ryanair other air hoses such as My Travel Light are avoiding the paths all together.MenacesMenaces due to accidents If an accident happen in a LCC air hose it will Marjory impact the house as there are a really high per centum of important cut down in demand Attacks of terrorists Attacks like 9/11 will cut down the demand for air hoses. Increasing fuel monetary value Ryanair restricting its ability to go through on increased costs to the riders of low menu puting excess menu on the bearers as a policy to happen cost economy in other domains of its operations taking Ryanair for hedge. Possibility of revenue enhancement debut Due to planetary heating there can be a environmental revenue enhancement Increased competition from developing states Easyjet holding and excess skyttax star For website engagement and client support Ryanair scored 1/5 in nine of the 16 standard ‘s. ( Bitterwallet nd )4.2 The PESTLE analytical technique( Figure 1 ) The Macro Environmental analysis, What makes a good leader?PoliticalOne of the important advantages to Ryanair is its political environment as the bulk of its processs are controlled within Europe. This part maintains political stableness and it was a fact that we all knew. Even when there is authorities instability Ryanair does non see issues as an apprehensiveness sing rider volumes or flight finishsEconomicFor the air hoses industry the increase of fuel monetary value caused a major job they had to cut corners if they did non fudge to roll up cost on other countries. There can be seen a autumn in demand for the flights due to the recent economic crisis. Hence occupation cuts increased and clients have low disposable income barricading them to pass on holidaies. However this could be an advantage for other cheaper air h ose industries as there are people who are still able to afford a holiday as they are looking for lower cost options.SocialThis factor has by and large impacted Ryanairs concern scheme. The anticipation of Buyer behaviour are going bit by bit more complex to calculate as trueness are being shifted by the modern consumers from one trade name to anther due to the distinction of monetary value and deficiency of basic purchaser dependability. In add-on to that the increasing competition among bearers with low cost menu is ensuing in consumers mentally in which bearer to take when going within Europe finishs.TechnologicalThe modern epoch is beforehand in engineering which means that the full industry is under alteration with more eco friendly and efficient. Online engagement is one major betterment Ryanair has technological wise holding the most visited travel web site in Europe together with the fifth most recognized trade name on GoogleLegalThe to a great extent regulated industry with Torahs that are invariably accommodating to new modifiers by non leting liquid in the clients carry on baggage ‘s conveying the legal facet of Ryanair in to action. The new Torahs that implies to air hose industries are the Torahs that are put across the industries to be more environmentally friendly. This will therefore take to companies fight ting to cut down C emanation and do the industry less harmful to the environment to run into the footings of EU ordinances.EnvironmentalThe external environment of Ryanair is slightly stable. However understanding the consumer behaviour is Ryanairs biggest job together with utilizing selling applications to better full purchaser backing and gross revenues public presentation.4.3 Porters Five ForcersThe instance survey will be discussed through the porters five forces analysis. This analysis is a really powerful yet simple technique to happen out where the power stays in a concern. This technique is used to grok the strengths of the pre sent competitory place and the hereafter where Ryanair is willing to travel in. High Medium Low HighMediumDickering power of providersIn the air hose industry there is a little figure of low menu air hoses, therefore it shows a high menace harmonizing to the instance Ryanair is being chosen by many clients for its lowest monetary value. However by any opportunity if there is a monetary value rise clients have a high potency of exchanging to another trade name in brief clients have no trueness towards one trade name. Which gives the consequence as dickering power of the providers is low.Dickering power of purchasersThe potency of exchanging to other air hoses are really common with LCC ‘s since the clients are merely looking for the cheapest. Therefore if Ryanair increase the cost under any circumstance there is a possibility of losing client. In that instance its evident that purchaser bargaining power is high.Competition of rivalsAs a consequence of slow growing in the industry most bearers find it hard to win the opportunity of sequence is limited to a few houses becaus e of the competition for market portion. The high fixed cost and low merchandise distinction leads to high competition menace. This shows with Air Ligus, GlyBe and Easyjet following the similar way of Ryanair.Substitution MenaceThere are many replacements for long trip i.e. Trains Buss, autos, ferries. However one can non compare a plane with all of the above mentioned options and a plane travel faster than any of them. Therefore utility menace is moderate.The menace of new entryAirline industry is non the easiest to come in it has a batch of barriers. Ryanair is the market leader and with the executions of new ordinances and the force per unit area to cut down C emanation makes it a moderate menace of new entry to the market.4.4 Strategic groupsQuality 3 2 1 Cost Harmonizing to the dimensions of quality and cost of the full industry ( Refer appendix 1 ) 1st group falls under the same strategic group as they have same scheme of low cost leading. 2nd group chiefly functioning to the people with a moderate income degrees and moderate cost therefore they have the same scheme of medium cost leading scheme. 3rd group falls under the same strategic group, as they have the same scheme of high cost high quality. Profitableness 3 2 1 Number of riders Harmonizing to the dimension of profitableness and figure of riders of Budget air hose industry ( Refer appendix 1 ) 1st group falls under the same strategic group as they have low net income and lowest figure of riders 2nd group falls under the same strategic group as they have medium profitableness and medium sum of riders going 3rd group falls under the same strategic group as they have high profitableness and the highest figure of rider5.0 Strategic picks and the recommended schemeThe strategic model of alteration directionThis model helps Ryanair to understand the significant alteration over recent old ages and the importance of organizational civilization to organisational analysis. It besides can be used to place the cardinal stairss that could better the direction of alteration. However harmonizing to the Ryanair instance survey direction is up to a good criterion and hence alteration direction is least of importThe strategic model for advertisement rivalsThis model can be implemented to Ryanair as it had an incident with a client where she was mislead by an advertizement, yet this model is besides a less of importThe strategic model for Customer Relationship ManagementThis model is used to broaden the apprehension of CRM. Negative response by the riders for the extra services Bad relationship with the pilots Poor service quality These are some of the failings Ryanair ‘s CRM come across therefore to make full the span of the spread between negative attitude towards Customer relationship and to do it more favorable it is a must for ryanair to concentrate on the CRM. If Ryanair take this strategic frame work in to action they will be able to Become The most favorable air hose in the industry The most profitable budget air hose The positive word of oral cavity The well recognized trade name in the industry Furthermore with Customer relationship direction the internal market will be looked in to with a positive position when the employees are motivated and when there is a beginning for employment acknowledgment therefore employees will be treated good which will take to an overall success of the air hose6.0 DecisionRyanair instance survey was analysed through six analytical techniques ( SWOT, PESTLE, Porter ‘s five Forces, Value concatenation, VRIO and strategic groups ) . Based on the analyzers ‘ the direction can now understand that in order to better the strategic execution they must follow the strategic model of Customer relationship direction It helps to bridge the spread and to run into their aims. Therefore when the recommended model is implemented the vision of Ryanair can be reached easy.7.0 ReferencingBeamish. H.R, 2008 Strategic direction, 3rd edition, Pearson Prentice Hall Bourgeois L.J, Duhaime.I.M, Stimpert J.L, ( 1999 ) Strategic Management: a managerial position, 2nd Edition, Dryden imperativeness, USA Bourgeois L.J, Duhaime.I.M, Stimpert J.L, ( 1999 ) Strategic Management: a managerial position, 2nd Edition, Dryden imperativeness, USA Carpenter. M, Bauer. T, Erdogan.B ( March 2009 ) , Developing scheme through internal analysis Principles of direction, , Retrived on 15th April 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.flatworldknowledge.com/pub/1.0/principles-management/29045 Carpenter. M, Bauer. T, Erdogan.B ( March 2009 ) , Developing scheme through internal analysis, Principles of direction and Organisational Behaviour, , Retrived on 15th April 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.flatworldknowledge.com/pub/1.0/principles-management-and-orga/32825 De Puget.G, 2003, Gallic Accent – Ryanair Slow on Emotion, Brandchannel, Retrieved on 11th April 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.brandchannel.com/brand_speak.asp? bs_id=72 Eerste. P de, ( 2008 ) , Boeing 737-800 RyanAir Textures, Retrieved on 25th April 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //simviation.com/simviation/index.php? type=itemHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //simviation.com/simviation/index.php? type=item & A ; ID=60 & A ; page=9 † & amp ; HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //simviation.com/simviation/index.php? type=item & A ; ID=60 & A ; page=9 † ID=60HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //simviation.com/simviation/index.php? type=item & A ; ID=60 & A ; page=9 † & amp ; HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //simviation.com/simviation/index.php? type=item & A ; ID=60 & A ; page=9 † page=9 GRUNDY, T. ( 2006 ) Rethinking and reinventing Michael Porter ‘s five forces theoretical account. Strategic Change. Vol 15, No 5, August. pp213-229. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.coursework4you.co.uk/essays-and-dissertations/porter-5-forces.php Haberberg, A. and Rieple, A. ( 2001 ) , The Strategic Management of Organizations, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Johnson, G. , & A ; Scholes, K. ( 1997 ) . Researching corporate scheme ( 4th ed. ) . London: Prentice Hall Johnson G, Sholes K, Whittington R, ( 2005 ) Researching Corporate Scheme: text and instances † 7th Edition, London: Prentice Hall Marivic.B, 2009, Ryanair fiscal aim, Thinking made easy, Retrieved on 11th April 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/03/ryanairs-financial-objectives.html Mun.J, ( 2008 ) Analysis of Ryanair ‘s Competitive Advantages Business HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.associatedcontent.com/business/ ? cat=3 † & amp ; HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.associatedcontent.com/business/ ? cat=3 † Finance, Retrieved on 17th April 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.associatedcontent.com/article/1159874/analysis_of_ryanairs_competitive_advantages.html Porter ‘s five forces, Mind Tools retrieved on 12th April 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_08.htm Ryanair, Airfearsflights nd retrived on 10th April 2010 fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www.airfaresflights.co.uk/airlines/RyanairFigure 1 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.whatmakesagoodleader.com/macro-environment-analysis.html8.0 Appendixs

A comparative analysis of traditional software engineering and agile software development Essay

Various industries handled information and data manually until 1960 when the first software development methodology was hinted. Software development methodologies are key steps in development of information system. Different methodologies have different requirements in terms of cost, time frame, expert requirement, size of the business, maintenance cost, and flexibility in case of changes in the future among others. Therefore, organizations evaluate each methodology in order to come up with the most effect one for their information system development. Software methodology involves a structural framework to plan and manage the processes that are involved in development of information system.Prototyping and dynamic system methodology will be critically evaluated to understand the role of software methodologies in information system development. Dynamic system development methodology                The method ensures frequent delivery of information system in businesses. The methodology is can be reversed during development in case of errors, and the requirement is based on high level and integrated testing throughout lifecycle, which allows collaboration and cooperation between all stakeholders (Association of Modern Technologies, 2014 Software Development Methodologies) Critical evaluation                Since this methodology involves end users and teamwork decision, it forms the best choice for information system development. Future changes can be accommodated since changes are reversible. This methodology follows PRINCE concept since it start with initiation of a project and conclude with crossing of the project. Prototype methodology                In this methodology, incomplete software is created, which differs with the final product (software development and engineering, 2012 n.p.). The methodology makes it possible to evaluate the software during the development process and design before it gets to the final step. The software can also be tried before integration in an organization. This method allows involvement of the users and evaluation during designing phase and thus increasing the likely hood of easier implementation in any organization. Critical evaluation                In this methodology, users, builder and system interaction are mandatory. It requires expertise for both builders and end-users. With this model, time and cost are decreased compared to traditional method, which becomes a major consideration when developing information system. This methodology is applied mostly in situations there is risk uncertainty. This methodology is best applied in managerial systems, as its main objective is planning, direction, controlling and decision-making. This forms one of the choices for information system since users can be able to do a value analysis and investment can be made at relative increments. PRINCE plays an important role in information system development since it establishes the management, control, and application of the appropriate software for information system. It gives more insight about the software developed and provides authenticity of the software, which is important in making information system decisions. Question 2 According to (Bantra et al, (2010 p 383) agile methodology is based on various values such as Individual and interaction over processes and tools, Working software under comprehensive documentation, Customer or end user collaboration over a contract negotiation the and Responding to changes over following a plan                The agile methodology builds flexible information systems that can be upgraded or changes in future (Rao, Naidu, & Chakka, 2011 p. 42). For example, if an organization wants to expand its system, it can build its new information system on the existing system. Hence, the methodology is adopted where future changes in the information system are expected. Time aspect makes this approach cost effective. The methodology involves the end users at every stage making software development process effective and accurate (Aitken & Ilango 2013 4758). In addition, the process is fast and efficient thus ensuring that the information system development easy and economical. The traditional methodologies are fixed and do not allow future changes (Aitken & Ilango 2013 p. 4756). That means that once the information system is developed using the traditional methodology, it will be hard to build a new system using it. The expansions or future changes in the information system require engineers and software developers to start a new system. This is not cost effective for business since they are always in a constant growth and keep on improving their information systems. Thus, agile methodology best suits development of a flexible information system that can be upgraded easily. Question 3                The Structured systems analysis and design method, (SSADM) is one of the widely used methodologies in computer applications in private and public sectors since its inception in 1981. The methodology operates under three principle techniques known as logical data, flow data, and event modelling (Al-Humaidan, & Rossiter, 2011, p 3). Logical data modelling (LDM) technique involves identification and documentation of the necessary data for business or organization information system. The information that the business wants to record on the information systems is identified and documented for inclusion in software development. Consequently, the data flow modelling (DFM) techniques involves identification, modelling and documentation of how the identified data using LDM technique will flow in the information system. It gives details on how various data will be transformed in the system. Then, event modelling (EM) technique identifies and documents the sequence of events in DFM. The techniques help the engineers to develop information system that meets the end users need since it allows participation of all the stakeholders. However, inadequate research may result to development of poor information systems, which may be cost to the business. The SSADM uses various tools that are important in development of information system. Data flow diagram, (DFD) highlights all the data pathways, while other tools such as data dictionary, decision trees and tables give guidelines on data classifications. The tools make operation of the information easier for the end users. Unified modelling language, (UML) is a language used in software engineering. It helps the developers to create a system using a standardized language that can be understood easily by both the participants and the system. The main techniques and tools used are diagram and language structures such as class, interactions and activity diagrams (Al-Humaidan, & Rossiter, 2011, p 4). The main difference between SSADM and UML is that the former interfaces are composed of design dialogue while the latter utilises components and classes of modelled diagrams as interface (Al-Humaidan, & Rossiter, 2011 p. 24-29). In addition, SSADM uses requirement catalogue as the data resources while UML uses modelled stereotype features as data sources. Question 4                Software development approach entails identification the information system issues and making decision of how the issues should be solved and the solution remains viable. Critical evaluation                The approach helps to develop software in a top down development consisting of independent steps that are completed sequentially. The engineers are able to evaluate each step independent and develop consecutive phases based on completed ones. The methodology is fast and effective for development of small information systems. However, methodology is not suitable to develop large information system because it is slow and cumbersome. In addition, the approach is costly and a short term. According to Stoica et al, (2013, p. 68) this method requires product definition, clear understanding of requirements and technology, and expertise and the system is short lived. End users approach                In this approach, the end user is the developer of the software. He or she designs the software such that it is able to meet his or her needs. This is done through modification of commercial off-shelf software (COTs). Critical evaluation                The approach does not involve formal designing of the information system. The approach does not require documentation of the project. The end user is the main controller of the information system developed from this approach. However, it is not fit for large business and lack of documentation limits future changes of the information system would be very hard. Thus, the approach is not economical especially of growing enterprises. When the size of the project is large, the software development approach is based on the cost or budget limitations, timeframe taken by the approach, and the flexibility of the approach. This is because, the organizations designs information systems that are economical in that they does not affect their profitability and operations. Approaches that are cheap and are executed in a short span of time are preferred to others that are costly and take long time before completion References Aitken, A., & Ilango, V. 2013. A comparative analysis of traditional software engineering and agile software development. In  System Sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on  (pp. 4751-4760). IEEE. Al-Humaidan, F., & Rossiter, B. N. 2011. A Taxonomy and Evaluation for Systems Analysis Methodologies in a Workflow Context: Structured Systems Analysis Design Method (SSADM), Unified Modelling Language (UML), Unified Process, Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) and Organisation Process Modelling (OPM).  Technical Report Series-University Of Newcastle Upon Tyne Computing Science. Baguio central University 2011.Dynamic System Development Methodology.[Online]. http://www.slideshare.net/mayjoyce89/dynamic-system-development-method. Batra, D., Weidong, X., VanderMeer, D., &Dutta, K. 2010.Balancing Agile and Structured Development Approaches to Successfully Manage Large Distributed Software Projects: A Case Study from the Cruise Line Industry. Communications Of The Association For Information Systems, 27 383. Habib M, 2013. Agile software development methodologies and how to apply them. [Online] Retrieved from http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/604417/Agile-software-development-methodologies-and-how-t.accessed Rao, K. N., Naidu, G. K., & Chakka, P. 2011. A study of the agile software development methods, applicability and implications in industry.  International Journal of Software Engineering and its applications,  5,2, 35-45. Stoica, M., Mircea, M., &Ghilic-Micu, B. 2013. Software Development: Agile vs. Traditional. InformaticaEconomica, 17,4, 64-76. Source document

Opening Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Opening Case Study - Essay Example Various players should understand their roles as protectors of the students and other actors such as employees from any form of abuse. The people who first became aware of the situation and the allegations should have ensured that proper investigations were conducted to ensure that the allegations were true or not and respond appropriately. The sanctions against the Penn State in my opinion were not sufficient. More measures that are drastic should have been taken including a complete change of management to ensure that responsible leaders are in place. The first student clearly illustrates the culture of unethical behaviour and explains the various players that were involved in the scandal. The student further shows the sections that were taken and what should have been to avoid worsening of the situations. He concludes that reporting was delayed to salvage university name and its superiors involved The second student has also conducted an analysis of the situation that is adequate with the failures of leadership and culture illustrated in the analysis. He foresee the profound effect of the act to the children and he is categorical that Pen State had the mandate to fix all loopholes. The mistakes done should be used to teach a lesson to all. He demonstrate how the university has failed by mismanaging a department, which was so valued in the society to one where transgressions and unethical behaviour have been reinforced over time. He fails to understand why the system was unable to investigate the first allegation and wonders if Sandusky was above the

Green Infrastructure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Green Infrastructure - Essay Example Green infrastructure integrates set up green spaces and new places and must string through and enclose the constructed ecology and connect the metropolitan area to its extensive rural surroundings. Thus, it required to be distributed to all spatial scales from sub-regional to local vicinities levels, accepting both available natural green places inside local societies; it must also accommodate larger sites in the metropolitan periphery and wider hinterland. Green infrastructure is specifically pertinent to the housing and economic development, and to the reproduction of metropolitan hinterlands. Here green infrastructure is about expanding going hand in hand with the conservation and improvement of the current ecological assets and the construction of new ones. It is about placing the ecology right at the middle of the planning procedure and creating a tactical and connected multifunctional system of places with benefits for people and the natural world. This includes making it plian t to the impact of climate change and facilitating local authorities to accomplish their role to protect biodiversity while observing the decree of Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act2006. On the other hand, green infrastructure pertains to the rural ecology. In the extensive landscape, green infrastructure is regularly seen at a wider scope, encompassing bigger national or regional parks; wider aspects such as river conduits, and flood fields, and the establishment of wide green channels and environmental systems.

Mitigating the Toxic Leaders of Tailhook 91 Essay

Mitigating the Toxic Leaders of Tailhook 91 - Essay Example The Tailhook Association was initiated in 1956 during a reunion event in Mexico where aviators from different fleets met. The membership grew rapidly to over sixteen thousand members in 1991. General membership incorporated active aviators, those retired as well as civilians. As indicated the Tailhook represents a political and social situation that incorporated active as well as retired Naval and Marine Corps aviators of different ranks and grades and from different departments of the Department of Defense. In real essence, the entire story is about the disturbing events within the 35th Annual symposium that was organized by Tailhook Association in 1991. The association is recognized for a number of activities one of which includes organizing annual symposium that brings together different members of the association. Most of the social activities took place on the squadron hospitality suites in Las Vegas Hilton. The events that took place during the symposium is what triggered the T ailhook investigations. The investigations were initiated following rampant accusations made by the females in attendance concerning the indecent behavior and assaults of junior officers as well as senior officers towards the female attendees. Several issues should be reviewed and followed by appropriate correction.The toxic leaders in the Tailhook Association annual symposium ’91 were recognized as top ranking navy officials alongside other junior officers who were involved in sexually-related activities.

Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Film - Essay Example He is simultaneously presented as a suitably murky protagonist who goes abroad to arrange assassination of his old professor, who is now an anti-Fascist leader living an exiled life in Paris. Clerici is a Conformist who is very anxious to live a normal life and trying hard at his level best to fit in the society in every possible way. The film beautifully portrays a man's psychological need to 'conform' and to be 'normal' at social level; particularly in general as well as at the political level. Underlying Theme: The predominant theme of the film is  conformity. Clerici has an excessive urge to lead a life of normality-'to fit' perfectly in the society. Like any other man, he is seeking for acceptance from the society and to make a position that would lead him to his ultimate goal in life. He is deeply driven by his bitter memories of childhood and in this way, he hopes to escape  the demolishing outcomes of his mother and father. One might also contemplate that Clerici is often chased by his repressed homosexual urge which he feared that it might emerge as it is against the norms of society.

Apple Being Engaged in Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Apple Being Engaged in Design - Essay Example †¢ Is world renowned for its pioneering efforts in personal electronic communications devices and systems Apple or "the company" is engaged in design, development and marketing of personal computers, media devices, and portable digital music players. The company also sells a variety of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications. The company's portfolio of offerings comprises Macintosh (Mac) computing systems, iPods line of portable digital music and video players, iPhone handsets and iPad portable multimedia and computing devices. The company primarily operates in the US. It is headquartered in Cupertino, California and employs 46,600 employees. (Datamonitor 2011) Slide 3 Industry Analysis Macro-environment Analysis †¢ Political issues o Stigma of big business (SEC scandal) o Tighter policies imposed by gov’t o Different policies by different gov’ts †¢ Economic issues o Global economic crisis o Strong emerging economies Slide 4 Industry Analysis Macro-environment Analysis †¢ Social issues o Growth of social networking o Connectivity push by many countries †¢ Technological issues o International Protection of IPR o Continuous R&D Slide 5 Industry Analysis Macro-environment Analysis †¢ Legal issues o Pursuit of litigation for IPR globally o Dangers of faulty product design †¢ Environmental issues ... Fujitsu, Samsung Electronics, Sony and Toshiba, among others.The company is currently focused on market opportunities related to mobile communication devices including the iPhone.The mobile communications industry is highly competitive with several large, well-funded and experienced competitors. The launch of iPhone spiked the demand for smartphone with touch functionality and other innovative features. This made several players in the mobile phone market, such as Nokia, HTC, RIM, Palm, Samsung and LG Electronics, launch their respective smartphone devices in the market creating significant competition. Unique vision (primarily by Steve Jobs) Apple has been usually viewed along with its charismatic and visionary founder, Mr. Jobs who has always been instrumental in managing the growth of the company and leading it to its current size. Network of interrelated support services (i.e., the APP store) bundled with peripherals Mobile apps are one of the most important factors in driving sa les of smartphones. Apple is the strongest player in the mobile apps market, with approximately 350,000 apps. Its closest competitor, the Android market has 250,000 apps, while Blackberry and Windows Phone 7 has 20,000 and 9,000 apps respectively. The mobile app market is expected to exceed $9 billion by 2014. With its innovative products such as iPhone and iPad, Apple is in a position to increase its share in the growing smartphone and tablet market. Strong horizontal and vertical integration ‘Plug-and-play’ solutions Slide 9 SWOT Analysis (Datamonitor, 2011) Strengths Powerful brand image According to industry sources, Apple is the fourth largest player in the global mobile phone market. The company holds a market share of approximately 5% and trails Nokia, Samsung and LG Electronics,

What is ADR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

What is ADR - Essay Example Recently ADR gained wide appreciation and legitimacy in modern states too as its applicability and practicability has increased considerably. This paper seeks to explore the various factors associated with alternative dispute resolutions; and special efforts are made to report the legal and social benefits of ADR. The types of Alternative Resolutions vary according to the nature of disputes and the choice of parties. However, there are certain common ADR options that include both court annexed ADR and private modes. They can be listed as follows; Mediation must be the most accepted mode of resolution in the United States. This method is also termed as conciliation because the parties themselves resolve their disputes in the presence of a neutral third party. The main feature of this method is that it takes place at the parties’ commitment and the success depends on voluntary initiative to bargain and negotiate. However, the mediator does not impose a final decision over the disputes but only helps parties to reach settlement. Parties enjoy maximum freedom to explain their stories and to disclose their stance. Furthermore, unlike litigation processes, ADR method allows parties to decide their mediator and to design strategies for the resolution. The role of the third party is to create an opportunity for the parties to sit together and to disclose their position to each other. In order to enhance the resolution process, the facilitator may arrange separate sessions as well as joint meetings. As it is in mediation, arbitration also renders freedom to parties to choose their third party who would hear the disputes. The major difference with the arbitration is that the final verdict of the dispute will be imposed by the third party that is the arbitrator. Although arbitration takes place in private, it is enforceable by the legal system. Therefore, as compared to mediation, parties have less freedom in this mode of ADR. Once

Putting Our Brains on Hold Essay Example for Free

Putting Our Brains on Hold Essay The reading â€Å" Putting Our Brains on Hold,† by Bob Herbert, indicates that the United States is twelve among countries with college degrees. Also, this reading indicates that the percentage of people with college degrees has fallen, and that Americas young people are moving in the wrong direction at a time when college education is needed. Herbert says that engagement in issues that happen in society can lead to creative ideas and would enrich the lives of Americans. Many people are to blame for the society not engaging in the issues that happen in society. The most significant idea in this reading is parents, students, the educational establishment, government leaders, and the news media having the blame for not letting the society engage in the issues that happen to the society. Many children do badly in school because of their parents. Children of middle and upper classes are more likely to get high grades. Traumatic events can affect a child by giving that child a poor grade.The more time a parent spends with a child the more likely a child is to get a better grade. Children can do baldy in the classroom because of their carelessness.Teacher preparation is important for a teacher to be effective in the classroom. Good teacher preparation can have an affect on a students academic achievement. A teachers confidence can affect a students performance. It is important that teachers believe in themselves and in their abilities. The media can also affect childrens performance in school in a negative way. Television watching can replace activities that can help a child do better in school such as reading and doing homework. Television can also replace reading. Reading requires more thinking than television watching. Reading development. This is how television can affect a persons performance in school. Many people are not learning about the issues that happen in society. Many people are to blame for the society not engaging in the issues that happen everyday. This engagement can lead to creative ideas.

Issues in Nuclear Power

Issues in Nuclear Power Dear Sir, I have read your article, The Truth About Nuclear Power. Your ideas and opinions hold much significance and are compelling. You describe Nuclear energy as dirty, dangerous, expensive, un-sustainable, prone-to-terrorism and impractical. However, I would like to present my personal concepts and sentiments on the topic which might negate your proposals. To start, life is motion; and everything that tends to move has an inherent property to emit energy in some way. Mankind has been trying to utilize, conserve and generate this very energy for years. And while many sources of energy are being used, the concept of self-sustaining energy source is still very much theoretical. The dire need of a superior source of energy rose and Nuclear Energy was discovered in the quest. The first concern you mention is that of Nuclear Power being dirty. To my knowledge, Nuclear Power is perhaps the most refined method to generate power. No doubt nuclear power has the disadvantage of giving off radioactive waste to some extent but that is really all that is harmful about it. Over 94% of this waste is low-level waste, possessing no harmful effects of any kind. Only 6% of the total waste is considered high-level waste as it still holds a significant amount of energy. This is either re-used for further power production or is kept in a concealed environment until it loses all its energy and converts into an inert element. As far as emissions are concerned, power produced through Nuclear Energy emits 15 grams of Carbon Dioxide per Kilo-Watt-Hour (kWhr) of electricity. Coal in contrast, produces an immense 900 grams of Carbon Dioxide per kWhr, highest in the category. Furthermore, the estimated mortality rate globally through coal is 100,000 deaths per Trillion kWhr. Oil being second in list, claiming 36,000 lives. Biofuel and Hydroelectric power being third and fourth with 24,000 and 14,000 deaths per Trillion kWhr, respectively. Meanwhile, nuclear power claims fewer than 23 lives per trillion kWhr globally. This is self-explanatory. Besides, virtually every fossil fuel involves a combustion process. This produces gases that are far more brutal than the radiations produced through nuclear power. The second concern of yours is mining. The mining process for oil requires excavating at least 6,000 feet. Uranium, the most common element used in nuclear power, requires about 1,900 feet on average. Natural gas can be as deep as 15,000 feet in some areas. As more Radon gas is given-off as you go deeper down the Earth; this makes Uranium safest to mine. Another reason for fossil fuels being more precarious to mine is the sheer quantity in which they are required. For comparison, it takes 17,000 kg of coal to produce the same amount of energy as 1kg of Uranium-235. This results in much less mining needed which ultimately, results in less radiation exposure. Next is the concern of safety. No doubt that there have been three major nuclear disasters in the past but none of them were as catastrophic as they were portrayed. The worse of them was the Chernobyl incident. Despite the reactors meltdown caused substantial amount of radiation leakage, only two deaths occurred due to radiations. Furthermore, Chernobyl was the result of inadequate experience and a human flaw. It dates back to 1986, when nuclear power was new to the world and there were not much expertise in the field. A like calamity is almost outlandish to happen now. The Three Mile Island reactor meltdown in 1979, was also a human error. It caused no harm to the residents or the workers and no deaths occurred. Additionally, the Fukushima incident was merely a natural disaster as it was struck by an atrocious earthquake followed by a cataclysmic tsunami; although, no deaths occurred due to the radiation leakage. This elucidates that natural disasters can cause catastrophes but the effect would not only be on nuclear facilities. An example is the Sayano-Shushenskaya accident in Russia which caused 75 immediate deaths. A larger incident occurred in 1975 when The Banqiao Reservoir Dam was hit by typhoon, Nina. This caused a stupendous death toll of nearly 171,000 people and displaced another 11 million. Your fourth concern is the security of nuclear facilities. To begin, nuclear plants now are robustly designed and are resilient against even the strongest blows. Furthermore, state-of-art security measures and technology is used to protect the facilities and top-notch counter-terrorism forces and weaponry is provided. All of this is commanded by the federal government itself. Moreover, in an unlikely occasion of an attack, the facilities can shut-down themselves. And even if the Uranium is stolen by any means, it cannot be used to make nukes so simply as it involves extensive enrichment and use of expensive technology. Lastly, you have commented on the expense of nuclear energy. Energy from coal costs 9 cents per kWh and 16 cents per kWh from solar. Nuclear energy meanwhile, costs just 4 cents per kWh. Moreover, solar power hinges-on weather conditions, far more than nuclear energy. In a few hundred words, this is my personal reasoning, of why I believe that a nation should hold onto its nuclear programs and continue developing them. While many people deem it dangerous and unnecessary, I for one, think that it is a need for todays world and living. Yes, I agree that it needs strict, well defined protocols to function and it must stay out of wrong hands, but if done correctly, it is one of the greatest achievements for a nation. Yours sincerely, Abdul Rafay.

Analysis Of National Interest And Foreign Policy Politics Essay

Analysis Of National Interest And Foreign Policy Politics Essay At the heart of any national interest lays its security, in order states to survive they must protect their security, by any means available to them, the treats to national security can be both external and internal. External treats can include any treat that comes from competing nations and enemies of the state. Internal treats can come from groups with political aims of overthrowing the government, even though the aim of security in national interest doesnt always mean protecting the states territorial boundaries, nor the repulsion of foreign attack. In some cases nation may be required to sacrifice some of its territory, or renounce some of its claims, in order to preserve another, more intrinsic element of the state(Orme,5). States create economic developments by promoting foreign investment, modernising their economy from low-income based economy to high-income based economy, such as building infrastructure, investing in technology, research and development. Without social development economic development cant be fulfilled. States invest in education, access to public health, gender equalities, and civil societies. States dont further their national interest by becoming self centred , in this day and age where the world is a global village states cant afford to ignore the rest of the world, therefore states look far beyond their states and consider other factors that are important to their national interest, economically, socially and politically. The above mentioned characteristics identifies national interest of a state and its components, the question is how do states promote their national interest?, states promote their national interest through foreign policy, thus foreign policy is the sum of an actors goals and purposive actions in global politics. Foreign policy consists of those discrete official actions of the authoritative decision makers of a nations government, or their agents, which are intended by the decision makers to influence the behaviour of international actors external to their own polity. In practice, foreign decisions are not made by single leaders in isolation, but it is a cumulative process that involves, interest groups, domestic issues, bureaucracies, leadership, and so on. Therefore foreign policy is the means and national interest is the end. Countries conduct their foreign policy through many channels that are available to them, namely diplomacy, force, track11 diplomacy, communication, and so on. Countries when shaping their foreign policy take into account many factors that are important, such as, geography, the size of the population, the level of economic development, political tradition, domestic environment, internal environment, military capability, and national character. Diplomacy: Diplomacy is the main channel through which foreign policy is conducted, diplomacy has existed throughout the history from the ancient Greeks to the African tribal systems all used diplomacy to solve disputes and to defuse potential conflicts. Diplomacy involves negotiation to manage relations among states. It is perhaps the most prominent tool in foreign policy available to actors for managing disputes. Diplomats in foreign offices and ministries often argue exhausting peaceful efforts to achieve goals before resorting to war and try to achieve compromises with adversaries to prevent conflict(Mansbach, Rafferty :363). Countries that have the means such as the United States appoint ambassadors virtually anywhere in the world to represent their interest, poor countries that dont have the means rely on their UN ambassador to meet and discuss issues in New York with other UN ambassadors from all over the world. Over time diplomats come and go but countries maintain diplomatic missions abroad. The role of the diplomats is to assess their countrys objectives given its actual and potential power to gauge other states objectives in light to their power. Diplomats must also assess the extent to which their countrys objectives are compatible with those of other countries and then decide whether to use persuasion, compromise, or treat of force to pursue their countrys end. (Mansbach, Rafferty: 365). Force: If diplomacy fails then the use of force is the last resort. It is the choice of last resort because of the destructive nature of wars, on humans and economies. The following are the three strategies for managing conflict that require the treat to use military force; defence, deterrence, and compliance. Each of these involve to a different degree, using force in a different way. Defence is to repel an attack, defence may be passive or active, passive defence employs civil defences, bunkers, hardening of weapons systems, and increasing weaponry systems. While active defence involves directing military force against a potential or an actual attacker and may include missile defence, pre-emptive and preventive war. In pre-emptive strike state anticipates an imminent attack and strikes first to gain the upper-hand, whereas in preventive strike it anticipates an attack in the distant future, and therefore attacks the adversary before they gain the capability to strike. Deterrence is to prevent an enemy to attack in the first place. Deterrence is less expensive than defence, because it may not always lead to war, but the threat of war may influence an adversary to take a different course of action, rather than confrontation. Actors usually exercise the three Cs of deterrence, namely communication, capabilities and credibility, which means actors communicate to their adversary and inform them the path they have chosen will indeed lead to conflict, and demonstrate their capabilities if they dont change course, third the treats must be credible. Compliance unlike deterrence, which involves the passive use of force, compliance also called coercive diplomacy, uses limited force to make an actor alter its behaviour or undo certain thing already done. Successful compliance convinces an enemy of the following. There is urgency about complying with the demand to alter its behaviour The coercing actor is more highly motivated than the opponent; and The consequences of staying the course will be escalation and still greater pain for the adversary. This is called bargaining in simple terms, if the enemy fails to comply, the coercing actor must decide whether to back down or intensify the use of force. This is precisely what the United States and its allies are doing in relation to Iran, to convince the Iranian regime to abandon their nuclear ambitions. Track II diplomacy: States use un-official channels to conduct their foreign policy and further their national interest, these include cultural exchanges, people to people movements, conducting this type of diplomacy states show that their government is not hostile to the others. For example some may argue that if the line that divides the Indian sub-continent was removed and the follow of people is allowed between Pakistan and India that would have reduced a lot of the tension between the two nuclear armed nations and could create an atmosphere of understanding, co-operation, interaction and mutual respect. Communication: Communication is a major instrument of foreign policy, it can be in the form of propaganda, or what is called external publicity, the purpose of propaganda is to inform people and governments abroad of the policies, achievements, institutions, and values of the state concerned and to convert international public opinion, as far as possible, to its own point of view (Bandyopadhyay: 24). For example United States uses Voice of America to broadcast their messages, in many different languages around the globe. Other components that contribute the making of foreign policy are Geography and Size: shaping foreign policy states consider their geographic locations, and also the size of their population. Level of economic development: states take into account when shaping their foreign policy according to their economic capabilities. Political tradition: how states conduct their foreign policy is dictated by the political tradition of that state Domestic environment: International environment: Military strength: military capability is the ultimate decision to go to war. National character: In considering all these factors mentioned above. Foreign policy is the means in which national interest has to be promoted, and according to the realist, the success and failure of foreign policy must be judged, by, if the national interest of the state was promoted. Realist argue, the nature of international politics, revolves around power, in a self help environment; states seek to further their national interest by acquiring sufficient military capabilities, to deter attacks by potential enemies, any actor in international politics their aim is to demonstrate their power, or to maintain their power, or to further their power, with power actors can only maintain their position and influence by it. Thus the priority of every state is to promote national interest and for that matter to acquire power. I agree with the realist point of view when it comes to power and prestige, Americans dominate the rest of the world not because they have the largest population in the world, but they are the strongest nation, economically, militarily, technologically and the US president is often referred to as the most powerful man in the world. American influence in the world touches every part of this globe, shaping policies, furthering their interest.

Violence on College Campuses Essay -- essays research papers

On college campuses today, there is a lot of violence. Violence occurs for many reasons, its unfortunate but true. One of the main reasons that violence accurs is because 90 percent of violence on college campuses is alcohol related. That is one of the many reasons why violence occurs. There have been reports of increased violence on U.S. college campuses since the early 1980s. Alcohol-related problems have included vandalism, fighting, injuries, and rape. However, as in the past, crime on campuses frequently was not reported to authorities or not divulged by institutions. Therefore, it is difficult to know if there has been an increase in incidences or just increased reporting. Roark (1987: 367) has suggested that "although comparative data from previous years are difficult to obtain, it seems to many student affairs professionals that there is an increase in violence on campuses." One study reported that residence hall advisors mediated more physical confrontations between students in the mid-1980s compared to previous years. College campuses are communities populated with individuals at high risk for unintentional and violent injury, the vast majority of whom are single and experiencing freedom from home and parental supervision for the first time. Des pite broad-based concern about violence on campus, accurate information about the scope and nature of this problem is hard to come by. Nevertheless, there is general agreement that since the 1960s crime and vio...

Bungee Jumping :: essays research papers

Bungee Jumping Bungee jumping is a sport that has dramatically evolved over the past couple decades. Bungee jumping has evolved into a sport of art and thrill. As a tribal tradition, the ritual was soon incorporated with a bungee cord. Bungee jumping spread rapidly throughout the world, ever-growing in popularity. Detailed designs and engineering have helped to take bungee jumping to all new limits. An array of prices depicts a variety of heights, harnesses, and locations of sites. Bungee jumping offers many diverse medical advantages. New innovations in the bungee field have led to all new rides and adventures. Bungee jumping is a sport that enables a person to prove something to themselves, regardless of age, sex, religion, or race. Bungee jumping is based on an age-old ritual practiced by the â€Å"land divers† of Pentecost island in the South Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu. Young men proved their courage by plummeting off giant towers. Every spring villagers there collect liana vines and wind them into long cords. The men then scale six story wooden towers, attach the vines around their ankles and jump. A successful leap is considered a demonstration of courage. In 1979, a bungee cord was incorporated with this tribal ritual. Members of the Oxford University's Dangerous Sports Club read about and designed a safe form of the practice. Atop the Golden Gate Bridge, dressed in tuxedos and top hats, the first form of bungee jumping came to existence. In 1987, bungee jumping moved to the American commercial scene. Two brothers, John and Peter Kockelman, began jumping from bridges over river gorges in the Sierras. Recognizing the sport's commercial potential, they opened Bungee Adventures in 1988. Bungee jumping spread rapidly throughout the world, ever-growing in popularity. Bungee jumping became national crazes in many areas. After the use of a bungee cord was thought of, the idea first spread through New Zealand. From here, Australia and France soon caught on and joined the sport. This new hobby, predominantly known and practiced only by skydivers, rock climbers, and other extremists caught the world's attention and spread like a wild fire. In America, bungee jumping was also proving popular. The first commercial bungee business began thirty minutes outside San Diego, CA. Commercial sites in Colorado and Utah soon began to pop up. Expansions of these businesses now help to cover almost every western state. Bungee Jumping's popularity has helped it to become an officially recognized sport. National Freestlye Bungee Championships are held each year and are broadcasted on a number of channels including â€Å"ESPN 2." Detailed designs and engineering have helped to take bungee jumping to

International and Domestic Marketing Comparison Essay

In today’s world, business is commonly acknowledged as international and the general expectation is for this to continue into the foreseeable future. As the world continues to venture into global markets, not limiting business transactions to domestic markets, it is important to understand the similarities and differences of conducting business in those markets. The success of businesses in domestic and international markets is dependent on the accuracy and thoroughness of the marketing within the respective markets. With that in mind, this paper will compare and contrast international and domestic marketing with the use of selected international country, Germany, versus the United States. Domestic versus International Marketing Analyzing domestic and international businesses within the private and public sectors, the most common objective is successfully to function in order to continue operations. Although they share the same ultimate goals, international and domestic marketing are quite different. Generally, nation-states differ in the following areas:†¢Unique governing systems†¢Laws and regulations†¢Currencies†¢Taxes and duties†¢CultureBusinesses venturing into the international market must understand such differences along with recognizing similarities in buyer behaviors as they differ from country to country. Specific to Germany, a successful business venture must fully comprehend the foreign environment in order to effectively market a product or service. German vs. U.S. Culture One of the most important factors that have a major impact on marketing in Germany is culture. Germany’s culture includes a long history of musical talent and interest which has continued even in modern culture (ThinkQuest, 1999). Germany ranks as the 5th largest market globally in music record sales and is heavily influenced by television (ThinkQuest, 1999). Germany’s television market encompasses over 34 million households and is by far the largest market in Europe (ThinkQuest, 1999). Television viewers have options for cable or satellite and can choose from a variety of free-to-view public and commercial channels (ThinkQuest, 1999). Another major aspect of German culture is sports; two of the most popular being different types of motor racing and soccer (ThinkQuest, 1999). Practicality  is a very common characteristic of most Germans that would lead marketers to focus on introducing products and services with a clear purpose and value (ThinkQuest, 1999). U.S. culture, on the other hand, is quite different from German culture. Inspired by a combination of European ideals combined with domestic originality, U.S. culture encompasses traditions, ideals, beliefs, customs, arts, and innovation (USA Study Guide, 2007). Much of U.S. culture was not uniquely derived, but imported through colonization and immigration (USA Study Guide, 2007). America has a strong focus centered on civil liberties, national holidays, U.S. sports, and innovation of arts and entertainment. National holidays such as Memorial Day, Labor Day, Independence Day, Easter, Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Years are celebrated across the country and many different businesses take advantage of such times to offer sale prices on products and services enticing customer purchases. Some of the most favorite sports include American football, basketball, and baseball, and Americans are known to spend lost of money during these events. The U.S. is an enormous exporter of entertainment including news, movie, and music. Different types of entertainment are communicated through a variety of venues including television which ranks as on of the top mass media of the U.S. (USA Study Guide, 2007). Statistics show that 97% of Americans own at least 1 television and most have at least three in their household (USA Study Guide, 2007). Advertising in America is much different from Germany, rather than the focus being on practicality, successful marketing in the U.S. highlights the trendiest fashions and creates an image that one just has to have a certain product. U.S. culture is ever-changing; it is not static, as the country is known as the largest melting pot in the world, and as new cultures migrate into the U.S. accepted by the majority, the culture continues to evolve. German vs. U.S Laws and Regulations In order to tap into the German international market, it is essential for a business to have a clarified understanding of the laws and regulations that govern marketing and advertising. Marketing and advertising in Germany is governed by very strict laws. In Germany advertising is defined by different types  including:†¢Product Placement†¢Permanent Advertising Programs†¢Teleshopping/Radio shopping(Zitierung, 1996)For example, in Germany, the most popular television stations are â€Å"Anstalten à ¶ffentlichen Rechts,† which means that they are not allowed to receive a profit (Zitierung, 1996). Such television stations are independent; therefore, government officials cannot directly influence their decisions (Zitierung, 1996). The top managers are appointed by councils who represent major groups within their society including popular political parties, churches, specific businesses, and unions (Zitierung, 1996). In this case, laws in place prescribe their purpose and internal structure (Zitierung, 1996). Operations are financed through monthly fees acquired from individuals who own either a radio or television (Zitierung, 1996). Financing through television or radio license fee is not permitted. Advertising is restricted to certain times of the day and never interrupts movies or news shows (Zitierung, 1996). Advertising on public television channels may not exceed 20 minutes during the workday, and on private channels may not exceed 20% of daily transmission time (Zitierung, 1996). Marketing and advertising in the U.S., although it is governed by laws and regulations, is much easier than advertising in Germany. Although much of the communication to Americans is monitored by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), laws and regulations are more specific to content of ads, antitrust laws, and intellectual property including copyrights and trademarks (HG.org, 2009). In comparison to governing laws in Germany, advertising on television, for example, is done more freely and frequently in the U.S. There are no strict guidelines that dedicate a small portion of time throughout the day for advertising, thus movies, news programs, and television shows are frequently interrupted for the sole purpose of advertising (HG.org, 2009). In fact, many advertising campaigns purchase prime time spots to run commercials for their product during the most popular television shows and sports games such as during NFL games and American Idol to name a few. German vs. U.S. Economy Germany’s economy is one that is heavily export-oriented, the country is the world’s leading exporter of merchandise,  and thus this is a key element in German macroeconomic expansion (ThinkQuest, 1999). Germany’s currency is the Euro and its monetary policy is set by the European Central Bank in Frankfurt Germany (ThinkQuest, 1999). Germany’s financial system is not driven by the stock market; in fact, it is a financial system that is bank oriented. Employment is deregulated in Germany; the unemployment rate is a continuous problem, along with bureaucracy regulations that cause burdens on new and incumbent businesses (ThinkQuest, 1999). Agriculture is extremely productive in Germany; the country domestically produces over 90% of its needed nutrition and is known for its high level of industrialization (ThinkQuest, 1999). The U.S. economy differs greatly from the structure of the German economy. It is the largest national economy in the world maintaining a stable GDP growth rate and continued low unemployment rate (United States Department of Labor, 2009). The U.S. is one of the most significant nations in the world of international trade; the country leads the world in exports year over year while simultaneously remaining one of the top three exporters of goods (United States Department of Labor, 2009). U.S. currency is the American dollar and its banking system relies heavily on the stock market. The U.S. has major economic concerns as it related to external debt because as baby boomers are beginning to retire and collect Social Security, monies are running low (United States Department of Labor, 2009). ConclusionIn conclusion, Germany is quite different from the United States in terms of how the country operates including the government of marketing and advertising. An individual traveling from his home country to do business in a foreign country must conduct extensive market research prior to developing a marketing and advertising plan. It is essential to understand the different aspects of the country in order to effectively position and market a product or service. Doing business in a foreign country involves many different variables and more complexity than doing business at home. Success is dependent on the accuracy of market research and the company’s ability to manage from a local perspective with the absolute correct marketing mix. References HG.org. (2009). Advertising, Marketing & Promotion Law – Guide to Advertising, Marketing & Promotion Law. Retrieved June 16, 2009 from http://www.hg.org/advert.html. ThinkQuest (1999). German Culture. Retrieved June 15, 2009, from http://www.tlc.kherson.ua/~alex/germanculture.htm. United States Department of Labor (2009). Economy at a Glance. Retrieved June 16, 2009 from http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.us.htm. USA Study Guide (2007). The international student guide to education and study in the USA. Retrieved June 15, 2009 from http://www.usastudyguide.com/americanculture.htmZitierung, Autor (1996). German Broadcast Advertising Law. Online Journal Recht. Retrieved June 16, 2009, from http://www.ojr.de/index.html?/1996/36.htm.

The Principal Legacies of Imperialism for the Contemporary World Economy

Abstract This study explores the principal legacies of imperialism for the contemporary world economy. The findings indicate that although colonialism ended many years ago, its effects and policies still remain in the global economy and it is being aided by globalisation. The developed economies use foreign aid and multinationals to control the economies of the developing countries. Introduction The modern world economy has been influenced by both imperialism and the experience of colonialism. Western imperialism dominated the global history in the last 200 years and it transformed both the third world and western nations in terms of culture, economy, politics and socialisation (Dutt, 2006). The term imperialism was derived from a Latin word imperator meaning autocratic power and centralised government (Smith & Dawson Books, 2008). As such imperialism involves one country dominating another country or other countries in ways that benefit it and not the latter. The impact of Europe on the world economy is significant because it has shaped the economic sphere. The legacy of imperialism exists in the form of communication networks, economic structures and ties to metropolitan economies typifying former colonies. Principal Legacies of Imperialism on the Contemporary World Economy Imperialism was the precursor of globalisation that characterises the contemporary world economy (Chattopadhyaya & Das, 2007). This legacy is not entirely benign and the effects of the restructuring of economies of the former colonies have led to dependency on the metropole’s economies. Colonialism had to be stopped because it was exploitative, displaced people from their natural status and transferred wealth from one country to the other. However, globalisation came up to replace imperialism by achieving the same results but this time legitimately and in a manner that is politically correct (Ramana & Observer Research Foundation, 2008). The World Trade Organisation and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade legitimised this legacy of imperialism through putting in place trade agreements to eliminate trade barriers. This ensures that countries participate in their own subjugation and in the process transform themselves into neo-colonial states (Hont, 2005). Globalisation has not led to economic equality and interdependence as it is often claimed. It has instead made the lesser developed countries dependent on the developed countries (Dunning & Lundan, 2008). In addition to this, it has also led to indebtedness to the International Financial Institutions owned by the west. In some cases it has also led to unfair competition, greater debt and increased poverty. Although globalisation has created wealth for some countries, it has also increased poverty for others. Dutt (2006) adds that it is a more efficient way of exploiting other nations with the help of established international institutions and mechanisms designed to entrap the lesser developed countries through creating economic dependency, debt, and increasing poverty. However unlike colonialism these countries cannot revolt against the loss of their sovereignty. This is because any attempts to revolt could make them lose economic aid that would result in economic and human crisis. T his is a huge risk that these countries are never willing to risk. All these are consequences of the structuring of the economies of the former colonies making them dependent on exports, monoculture and fluctuations in the global market. Imperialism created a political economic reality of dependency and exploitation because most of the lesser developed economies do not have full control of their economic affairs (Hont, 2005). There are counterarguments that political economies have lives of their own which make them not fully controllable or that globalisation has taken away such control from all countries. However this perception does not take into account the fact that there is a huge difference in the extent of control. The northern nation states have a relatively strong position because of the financial institutions and multinationals which give them higher control over their political economies (Tester, 2010). The southern nation states on the other hand are impoverished, indebted and dependent on foreign investment and foreign aid. Therefore neo-colonialism steps in because these nation states have reduced control. The contemporary world economy is organised around capitalist imperialism characterised by systematic accumulation of capital through organised labour exploitation and penetrating overseas markets. The capital imperialists make investments in the other countries, transforms and then dominates their economies. Additionally, they integrate their productive and financial structures into the international system of capital accumulation (Chattopadhyaya & Das, 2007). Expansion is the central imperative of capitalism because investors only pursue business ventures when they see opportunities for extracting more than they invest. These firms only increase their earnings when their enterprises grow. As such the capitalists keep searching for ways of generating more money. They have to invest in order to generate profits and gather strengths to be able to beat off competition and unpredictable markets. Owing to its expansionary nature, capitalism has to keep exploring other opportunities away from home. It is this expansion that ends up destroying whole societies as people are forced to transform into disfranchised wage employees (Smith & Dawson Books, 2008). Consumer societies, mass market and mass media replace folk cultures and indigenous societies. Agribusiness factory farms supplant cooperative lands, centralised autocracies supplant autonomous regions and desolate shanty towns replace villages. European and North American corporations have acquired and now control over 75% of mineral resources in Africa, Asia and Latin America (Dunning & Lundan, 2008). However, the pursuit for natural resources is not the only reason for expanding operations overseas. They also need to lower the cost of production and maximise profits through investing in economies with cheaper labour markets. They make over 50% profits in the lesser developed countries compared to their home countries because of factors like low wages, weak labour unions, low taxes, weak or non-existent environmen tal and occupational protections and non-existent work benefits (Guo & Guo, 2010). For instance Citibank which is one of the largest US firms makes about approximately 75% of its profits from its operations overseas (Ramana & Observer Research Foundation, 2008). Imperialism has made it possible for the multinational firms to continue growing even at a time when their home markets are sluggish because of the dramatic growth in the foreign markets which still remain unexploited. Currently some 400 transnational companies control approximately 80% capital assets in the free global market (Hobson, 2005). These companies have developed global production lines across the lesser developed countries. Multiple sourcing allows these transnational companies to overcome strikes in one country by increasing production in the other countries. By playing the workers of different countries against each other, they discourage them from making demands on wage and benefit increments which undermine the strategies of labour unions. These firms find cheap labour, natural resources and other profitable conditions in the less developed countries. This is what enables them to generate huge profits which they then repatriate back to their home countries. Both national and local governments often compete in attracting multinational companies with huge expectations in terms of employment provision, tax revenues and economic activity (Sharp, 2009). These governments offer the companies incentives in terms of lax labour or environmental regulations, pledges of government assistance, tax breaks and other subsidies. Other than offering these governments a promise of economic growth, these companies exert power over government through their technical and intellectual property. For instance Microsoft has software patents and Adidas has patents on shoe designs. The patents allow these corporations to exercise their monopolistic powers in the local economy and in the process inhibit the growth of the local enterprises. Additionally, this monopoly helps them maintain low costs of labour and at times even exploitative. Owing to the size of these corporations, they often influence government policies using threats of withdrawal from the market (L ouis, 2006). This forces the governments of the lesser developed states to make polices that benefit the corporations rather than protecting the rights of the citizens. Therefore these corporations exploit the local labour force and funnel the important resources away from these countries into their home countries. In this way globalisation has made the lesser developed economies to be dependent on the developed countries. The multinational companies also cause uneven distribution of benefits because the resources are diverted from the local people into foreign markets (Louis, 2006). For instance land that could have been used to produce food for the local populations is used by these corporations to grow cash crops for their operations. This leads to high costs of food for the local populations as they are at times forced to import what they could produce locally if their natural resources were effectively utilised. In addition to this, fresh produce are packaged for the international markets where they will fetch more money rather than feeding the local populations. This is the reason why foreign dependency has led to widespread malnutrition in many lesser developed economies (Tester, 2010). Conclusion In conclusion, this study has explored the principles legacies of imperialism on the contemporary world economy. The findings indicate that the developed economies still manage the economies of former colonies and the developing economies using different mechanisms like aid and multinational companies with the aid of globalisation. Economic globalisation has also led to unequal economic relations between the developed and the developing economies. The governments of the lesser developed economies act more in the interests of the multinationals and other economies that provide them with aid instead of acting independently on behalf of the citizens. This creates a feeling of economic connection with the lesser developed economies feeling that they cannot survive on their own. Therefore the dependent relations that were established under colonialism still continue to dominate the world economy through economic imperialism or neo-colonialism. References Chattopadhyaya, D. P., & Das, G. J. B. (2007) Science, technology, imperialism and war. New Delhi: Pearson Longman. Dunning, J. H., & Lundan, S. M. (2008) Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Dutt, S. (2006). India in a Globalized World. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Guo, S., & Guo, B. (2010). Greater China in an era of globalization. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. Hobson, J. A. (2005). Imperialism: A study. New York: Cosimo. Hont, I. (2005). Jealousy of trade: International competition and the nation state in historical perspective. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Louis, W. R. (2006). Ends of British imperialism: The scramble for empire, Suez and decolonization : collected essays. London: I.B. Tauris. Ramana, P. V., & Observer Research Foundation. (2008). The Naxal challenge: Causes, linkages, and policy options. New Delhi: Pearson Education. Sharp, J. P. (2009). Geographies of post-colonialism. London: SAGE. Smith, D., & Dawson Books. (2008). The dragon and the elephant: China, India and the new world order. London: Profile. Tester, K. (2010). Humanitarianism and modern culture. University Park, Pa: The Pennsylvania State University Press.

Limiting The Freedom Of The Press Essay

Advertising is a powerful and effective source of information in our everyday life just like TV or internet. Advertisers use ads to encourage people to get products and make products more applicable to them. Respectively, advertisers should allow the freedom of the press. Freedom of the press is freedom of communication and the right to publish newspapers, magazines, and other printed matter without governmental restriction or any restrictions. Gloria Steinem argues effectively that advertisers are controlling the freedom of the press, since they are determining what women should receive or should not. To support her argument she mentions compromises she encountered when she made rules accepting ads in Ms. Magazine. One of Gloria Steinem goals in Ms. Magazine was to add gender neutral ads in her magazine, She wanted to introduce stuff like cars and electronics, such ads were not common in regular women’s magazine. Nevertheless, she encountered negative attitudes by many companies. She mentions, â€Å"U.S carmakers firmly believe that women choose the upholstery color, not the car, but we are armed with statistics and reader mail to prove the contrary. A car is an important purchase for women, one that is such a symbol for mobility and freedom that many women will spend a greater percentage of income for a car than will counterpart men. (Steinem 233)† Using this example Gloria Steinem shows that some companies have the idea that women are shallow and they only care about the outer look not about the over all the performance. Because of their outrageous mentality they are refusing to put ads of their products in women magazines. Nevertheless, Steinem by convincing foreign car makers to advertise in her magazine. She proved that women are equally important customers as men and women’s market should be taken seriously. Thus according to advertisers women do not understand technology, and such ads are not made for them. Ads advertisers are placing  in women magazines are different from the ads that are placed in other magazines. It was clearly stated when U.S car companies refused to put ads of their products in Ms. magazine while they usually do it in other ones. Refusing to introduce certain ads in women’s magazine for unconvincing reasons and the examples Gloria Steinem introduced strengthen her argument that advertisers are choosing their audience and determining the what each group of people should get. She provided another example to further support her argument,: Steinem points out to cigarettes. She mentions Essence, a magazine that was the only national magazine for African American women. This magazine had praised cigarettes and posted ads of models smoking, encouraging black women to smoke. And then Gloria Steinem states â€Å"According to California statistics, African American women are more addicted to smoking than the female population at large, with all the attendant health problems. (Steinem 243).† Therefore, Advertisers that represented cigarettes ads in this women magazine are the reason that black women are more addicted to smoking than other female population. Ads promoted smoking regardless of its unhealthy dreadful effects and that fact that it causes deaths. By pointing out such example, Steinem further supports the idea advertisers choose what they want to introduce to their audience. Steinem also shows that ads promote products regardless if they are good or not. Gloria Steinem mentions that ads in women magazines are different from those in neutral gender magazines. She states â€Å"The same companies that insist on recipes in women’s magazines place ad in people where there are no recipes. Cosmetic companies support the New Yorker, which has no regular beauty columns, and newspaper pages that has no â€Å"beauty atmosphere (Steinem 239) â€Å". She includes another prove, â€Å"We also explain that placing food ads only next to recipes and how-to entertain articles is actually a negative for many women. It associates food with work- in a way that says only women have to cook- or with guilt over not cooking and entertaining. Why not advertise food in diverse media that don’t always include recipes (thus reaching more men, who have become a third of all supermarket shoppers anyway and add the recipe interest with specialty magazines like Gourmet (a third of whose readers are men)? (Steinem 238).† Gloria Steinem explains that advertisers have double standard. They introduce different ads to different group of  people that affects them in certain ways (introducing recipes in women’s add made them feel obligated to cook.). The ads that are in women’s magazines are different form those that are in other magazines. Hence, advertisers don not have a specific criteria in making their ads.They just provide what they think a certain group of people should receive. On the other hand, advertisers should not determine what women should receive. Advertisers should have one criteria introducing their ads to all audience, not different ads for different audience. Steinem states this idea to open the eyes of her readers that advertisers by doing this are actually limiting the freedom of advertising. Not that having advertisers choose the audience that receive certain ads was not bad enough. Advertisers now have their own rules and orders that should be applied before placing their ads in a certain magazine. Gloria Steinem states â€Å"Meanwhile, advertisers’ control over the editorial content of women’s magazines has become so institutionalized that it is sometimes written into â€Å"insertion orders† or dedicated to ad salespeople as official policy- whether by the agency, the client, or both.† And then she mentions some of the orders that were given to women’s magazine effective in 1990. â€Å"An American Tobacco company order for a Misty Slims ad noted that the U.S government warning must be included, but also that there must be: â€Å"no adjacency to editorial relating to health, medicine, religion, or dead (Steinem 241).† Besides the fact that advertisers are using different ads for different group of people, advertisers have their own rules and orders for their ads. They are requiring praise for their products. And this made new fields like â€Å"beauty writing† to be invented. This kind of writing praise products to oppress and push women to buy certain products. By mentioning some of the rules advertisers ask for, Steinem shows that instead of giving the freedom to include whatever editorial texts to be included, advertisers are choosing what to and not to be included in a certain ad or around a certain ad. Steinem relates this to her argument, because by choosing what editorials text should be included and by having specific demands and orders advertisers are clearly limiting the freedom of the press. Gloria Steinem shows how women’s magazines are filled with ads rather than  content . She mentions how ads makes the greater part of women’s magazines. â€Å"I picked up a variety of women’s magazines for February 1994, and counted the pages in each one (even including the table of contents, letters to editors, horoscopes, and the like) that were not ads and/or copy complementary to ads. Then I compared that number to the total pages. Out of 184 pages, McCall’s had 49 that were nonad or ad-related (Steinem 241).† She mentions more magazines and all of them had small portion that was nonad or ad-related. What Steinem is trying to show, is that women’s magazines are out of content. They are mostly ads. Whereas, looking back, women’s magazines had more meaningful content. â€Å"As older readers will remember, women’s magazines used to be a place where new young poets and short story writers could be published. Now, that’s very rare (Steinem 243).† Steinem uses comparison to show how women magazines have changed as time passed. It’s clearly that they worsened. They became meaningless and they lacked real and interesting information. This lack of reality and creativity in women’s magazines caused them to be repetitive; all going over the same products but in different editorial styles. This takes us back to Steinem main argument that advertisers are limiting the freedom of the press since they are the ones who control what a magazine would and wouldn’t have; and that is because they are they are paying to the articles that looks more applicable to the products they are advertising. Gloria Steinem was sufficient supporting her main argument, she stated clearly how advertisers choose their audience and determine what they should receive, how ads in women’s magazine differ from other ones, how advertisers are making their own rules and orders ,and finally how women’s magazine changed negativity during time. For all these reasons she mentioned, she proved that advertisers are not allowing the freedom of the press, they are actually limiting it and taking control over it. Work citation: Steinem,Gloria. â€Å"Sex lies and Advertising.† Signs of Life in the USA:Readings on Popular Culture for Writers, Sixth Edition. Ed.Sonia Massik, Jack Solomon. Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s,2009. 227-247. Print.