World History: Ancient Civilizations

Joseph Reyes 2-B World History Ancient Civilizations People have been on the earth for hundreds of years. They have come together to become the best of the best. Civilizations were ways to put humans in to an organized group and to survive the ways of nature. Two civilizations were successful and survived for a long time. Ancient Mesopotamia was a much different civilization then Egypt, but both were organized in a similar way. They both developed by setting up their government, controlling their environment, and their values. In Mesopotamia the priest was in charge of dividing the farmers into groups to farm and take care of the land.In Egypt the priests were in charge of making a record of their pharaohs and marking the most important happenings of their reigns. Mesopotamia used the Code of Hammurabi which was laws that concerned daily life, business, medicine, property, and family. It was based on an eye for an eye (revenge) and was to give justice for all. In Egypt the pharaoh wa s considered a god that ruled the Egyptians and had absolute power that made all the laws of the land and decisions. This is both civilizations form of government and was successful for years; some of those laws are still in modern day government.Egyptians used the Nile River which provided food and water, farming, and transportation of goods. This helps them in their survival for the fact that they were living in the middle of a desert. In Mesopotamia, they developed city-states which were around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. These rivers were a key in their survival; they used these rivers for food, transportation, as well as plants. The rivers created a Fertile Crescent which allowed farming in Mesopotamia, the Fertile Crescent were important it was surrounded by desert and anything outside of it can’t be farmed. Using heir environment was an important key factor for the survival of these two great civilizations. As I said earlier Egyptians believed that the pharaoh was a god and was one with the divine. The Egyptians (supposedly) built the pyramids for the pharaohs to be buried in after they died and along with all of his possessions. The Sumerians and Akkadians practiced polytheism which was the worship of many gods. They believed that keeping the gods happy was the key to happiness and prosperity. They built big temples called ziggurats which were supposed to link Earth with the heavens and link people with the gods.These were the beliefs of the civilizations and have shape humans in to believing in religion and God. All of this contributed to the success of the two civilizations. With their government controlling their actions and giving justice where needed. They also controlled their environment to use for their own advantage which allowed them to eat and use for transportation. Building great monuments for their beliefs and believing to obey all the rules of God as well. I believe all this contributed to the success of two giant civilizatio ns.

Being a Nurse Is More Than a Job, It’s a Treasure Essay

To me, being a nurse is far more than a job or even a career. It’s an adventure, a continuous learning process that I embark on bravely each day, in search of life changing events and miracles. Touching the lives of others is a treasure chest overflowing with metaphorical gold, whether the help I provide is of great measure or remains unnoticed. The pride I hold in saying, â€Å"I’m going to be a nurse,† is immeasurable. Nursing is more than a profession of integrity and compassion, it is a privilege that measures out my values as a human being and the responsibilities granted to me with the precious gift of life. The first time I truly touched a person’s life, although the encounter was brief, was surprisingly fulfilling. A strong feeling of accomplishment and self-worth spread rapidly throughout my body and soul that no average â€Å"good deed† has ever accomplished. Nursing exceeds that average deed by far. After each experience, I’m left with an awestruck attitude of purpose, knowing that I am needed in someone’s life. By saying, â€Å"I’m going to be a nurse† each morning, I get the motivation needed to survive the awaited day ahead of me with a smile. In my opinion, nurses aren’t angels. They don’t go hand in hand with hearts and rainbows. Nursing is about providing care, yes, but that does not entail that nurses’ only purpose is to be a compassionate hand to hold on to. Nursing integrates science and care. Nurses take the knowledge they have gained from their education as well as their experience and apply it each and every day, all while, being there to comfort patients in their times of need, whether what is needed is an IV, pain medication, or an ear that will listen. Like it said in the documentary, a nurse takes advantage of opportunities, faces daily challenges, and most importantly in my eyes, is a powerful advocate for the patient. Watching this video enlightened me to the most significant responsibilities of a nurse. I’ve realized that a nurse is the liaison between the doctor and the patient. They ensure that the patient fully understands what is happening to them in their most vulnerable states. Nurses are responsible for patient education and for making sure the patient understands what the doctor tells them. Ardis Bush said just a few words that really clarified what being a nurse is  all about. She said that nurses treat the whole person, someone with feelings, someone who may cry – not just the diagnosis. In other words, doctors cure, but nurses heal. Ardis really helped me understand the difference between a doctor and a nurse. Nursing facilitates more meaningful patient interaction. I don’t want my patients to be just a statistic. I want to remember them and how strong they were emotionally when they weren’t strong physically. This video showed me that being a nurse will allow me to do just that.

Concept Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Concept Analysis - Research Paper Example Fortunately, these are steadfast and always find a place for the duty of care as this form the tenets of their profession. This is the place of nursing in our contemporary set up. The importance of those in the profession is largely ignored by the public and their value is only recognized when one is need of their expertise. It is this maligned nature of the profession that has strengthened the call for â€Å"the heart of nursing†. The heart of nursing is an apparent reference to a set of qualities that a nurse needs to discharge their duty in oblivion of the external factors that would otherwise affect successful discharge of commensurate duties. This is a key part of ensuring successful delivery of nursing care in light of pandemic ailments affecting the world populace (Schnatz, 2007). In trying to understand nursing and what it encapsulates we must try to look at the underlying enablers of nursing care. It should be noted that nursing as a practice is as strongly reliant on professional education as it is on human duty and obligation to care for others. Notably, in primitive societies where the decision to be a nurse (caregiver) was made on behalf of a person at birth the successful discharge of nursing duties was still possible. ... In the midst of these informal means of gathering nursing expertise the sole or the basic drive was the willingness to care given the plight of patients. The fact that nursing has been existent since antiquity and the knowledge that the first formal nurse training school was established in 1872, nurse training school of Women’s Hospital of Philadelphia, further underlines the duty for care or compassion as the most fundamental aspect in nursing (Egenes, 2010). Method of concept analysis and why this method was chosen In discussing compassion as nursing’s most precious asset or as the most dominant altruistic ideal in nursing care this study adopts Chinn & Kramer’s (1991) approach to concept analysis. Chinn & Kramer (1991) identify the purpose of their concept analysis approach as â€Å"producing tentative definition of the concept and a set of tentative criteria for determining if the concept ‘exists’ in a particular situation (88). Under this appro ach the first step is selecting the concept, clarifying the purpose, identifying the sources of data, exploring context and values and formulating criteria. Data sources Data to be used in the concept analysis will be derived from existent studies on nursing care and specific review of compassion and compassionate care as a key ideal in nursing. A host of this information is published in peer reviewed journals and professional websites which have sought to explain and research on nursing. Equally important will be historical data on the place of nursing in our society as well as the foundations and prerequisites of being a successful care giver. In essence, this analysis envisions that successful care giving as a factor is determined by the compassion of the care

Nike case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nike - Case Study Example Therefore, Nike ought to compel these companies to conform to the already set guidelines meant to protect workers in their respective states. These include both international and national rights usually put in place to safeguard human rights by availing conducive working conditions for workers in states where these companies belong. In addition, Nike Company based on the fact it funds all its subcontracting manufacturing factories, it should be responsible for any act infringing of human rights as outlined by varied states’ constitutions and international law. 2. What labor standards regarding safety, working conditions, overtime, and the like, should Nike hold foreign factories to? Nike ought to implement specific safety standards and humanitarian working conditions in all subcontracted factories globally with the intention of avoiding losing its reputation. This is because for several decades Nike Company has experienced bad publicity due to numerous accusations lodged again st it by trade unions, global regimes and University students based on poor working conditions. Numerous economic experts claim creation of Nike’s wealth is through enslaving poor people especially in developing countries. This is evident when Connor cites Nike Company is a rich Western corporation whose main objective is to provide expensive shoes to the well off people in developed countries while in turn exploiting the less privileged. Nike ought to ensure transparency and accountability in various factories, which it has entered into contract with in quest to market its products globally. In addition, its management ought to encourage workers in airing their grievances without victimization to their respective supervisors and managers (Lichtig & Wisley, n.d). This is by the enforcing adherence of laws in all its factories in order to avail adequate and effective protective equipments especially to workers working in departments dealing with obnoxious chemicals. Some of th ese protective facilities include gloves, masks, industrial boots as well as overall coats, which are vital in avoiding lethal complications caused by uncontrolled exposure to chemicals in the factories. Besides, Nike Company ought to compel its factories to implement both minimum wage and working duration policies stipulated by regimes of varied states in which they operate (Lichtig & Wisley, n.d). 3. In Indonesia, an income of $2.28 a day, the base pay of Nike factory workers, is double the daily income of about half the working population. Half of all adults in Indonesia are farmers, who receive less than $1 a day. Given these national standards, is it appropriate to criticize Nike for the low pay rates of its subcontractors in Indonesia? Yes. Nike Company deserves criticism it currently receives from all global quarters due to poor wages, which almost all its factories situated beyond US borders pays their workers. I think Nike should not pay its workers based on what majority o f casual workers and farmers in Indonesia usually receive. Therefore, it is ethical that Nike and all its subcontracted factories pay their workers decently to enable people live comfortably besides motivating them. In addition, Indonesia being the highest producer of Nike products, its workers ought to receive special privileges as a sign of the mainstream’

Sex and Gender with Dr. Chantal Tetreault Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sex and Gender with Dr. Chantal Tetreault - Essay Example Therefore, they subordinate men in almost all activities. So, the community expects them to be hardworking, loving and patient so that they can do their chores without any constraints. There exit a difference between sex and gender (Martin). In my own understanding, sex may be used to refer to either male or female. Therefore, people can be categorized as man or woman and boy or girl depending on the sex (Martin). Sex can also be used to categorize the functions of gender. Men can perform hard work for they have the muscles and the stamina while women are supposed to perform light chores (Martin). The readings have challenged me in that it has made me understand that women do a lot of work than men. Women therefore contribute much in the production of goods and services compared to men. The reading material has given an example of the Betsileo women in Madagascar who usually invest about a third of the hours invested in rice production in addition to their daily customary tasks (Gender: Exploring Culture Diversity). Separate genders have come out of the customary tasks to do what is considered as culturally bad. These activities range from leadership to other noble tasks. For example, the Williams sisters; Serena William and Vienna William have greatly been praised for their sport and have developed many agendas contributing to the positive focus on gender sensitivity in countries where they do put bars between men and

Cover Letter & Resume Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cover Letter & Resume - Assignment Example Additionally, I have participated in exchange programs in the years 2012 and 2007 in Miami-Dade College and Delegate of Nanjing Foreign Language School in Nanjing respectively. This means that am capable of co-ordinating several clients and sponsors despite their language. To add on, I worked as a marketing representative at Chu’s Chinese Restaurant from September 2011 to September 2012. I was also a mathematics Tutor from September 2012toDecember 2012. I worked as a sales vice president at Jiangsu GPRO Group Company from 2009 to 2010. Lastly, I was a full time intern at Bank of China New York branch. With the above experience I am able to design and conduct surveys, make marketing plans, solve company’s problems, create sales plans, market new products and make translations to foreign languages. Since the above duties are the general functions of a human resource manager, it means that I am qualified for the job (Beatty, 2004, 35). I will be liable to the customer’s plans and marketing plans. I will be the general overseer of the company’s proceedings. Thus my experience makes it easy for me to be a Human Resource Manager at your

Maintenance of fish diversity on disturbed coral reefs Article

Maintenance of fish diversity on disturbed coral reefs - Article Example However, other studies have also shown that certain types of disturbances such as coral disease and bleaching, during which the structural complexity of the coral reefs are maintained, may actually not cause any change in species richness thus stressing the point that the extent of habitat damage and the condition of the reef will determine the fish species richness. The study analyzed the data collected from surveys carried out for a period of 11 years to determine the effect of various disturbances on the coral cover, structural complexity of the reef and diversity of the fishes. The biological and physical changes in coral reef and its consequent effect on the reef fish community were analyzed. The study encompassed documenting the changes occurring in the coral cover, structural complexity and species richness in 10 reefs along the GBR. The major disturbances that were found to occur during the study period included COTS outbreaks, storms and coral bleaching. Disturbed reefs coll ected from 47 areas which were subjected to such disturbances were used for the study.

Human evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human evolution - Essay Example Thus the lack of cultural knowledge made many individuals to perish in new habitats. Heinrich used the theory that capacity for knowing is an important adaptation to extract adaptive information from the environment, which is still relevant to the current human interactions. The research recognized that considering the cultures central to human life resulted in a formidable evolutionary theory in status psychology. However, considering that humans have to depend on information for survival, the huaman specks must have evolved in line with social status that occurs parallel to dominance, and is related to affective and cognitive processes (Heinrich, 2011). In such cases, where a species depends on learning from others to a large extent to improve some aspects of its behavior, such process will effectively alter the environment faced by the natural selection that impacts on the human genes. Therefore, as humans continuously use their cultural learning abilities, the abilities give rise to continued cultural evolution. Such continued cultural evolution leads to development of complex adaptive practices, techniques, tools and other bodies of knowledge related to human behavior, and edible plants in such habitats (Heinrich, 2011). This aspect is relatively new and explains how humans adapt and survive in extreme situations as studied under anthropology. Consequently, cultural adaptations continue to improve over many centuries, which mean that when humans are stripped off their cultural adaptation, they become hopeless species that can easily be wiped. Sturt (1) explains that human evolution has higher probabilities of being a continuous process and not according to the currently accepted model of distinct changes that characterize a shift from one species to the next. Therefore, species would be best described to be semi homogenous over time, which is a new shift from what is already known in evolution regarding the shift from one species to the other in distinctly defined times. According to Sturt, there is no smooth development in morphology; what is perceived to be skeletal change results from a small flaw in the long genome configuration. The stability in certain species as observed would be explained by stability between marked changes in such genome flaws. The fossils currently known to humans offer an exaggerated perception regarding evolution in that the fossils are widely spaced in time, implying the difference between such fossils represent a continuous evolution processes to differentiate one species from the rest. Sturt (2) explains there is no much difference between the current human species and the Neanderthal man since they are only separated by several hundreds of years. Similarly, the brain followed the same evolutionary process, and it is the physical part in which rational decisions can be coded and decoded to differentiate between man and ape. Since such physical factors have to be passed down the genetic tree, it would f ollow that if these features increased the survival of the individual possessing them, they are gradually enhanced till the whole population acquire them through natural selection. Evolution thus involved significant development and spread of brain features through a natural selection process explaining what turned the earlier animal behavior to human behavior enhanced by a life learning process and a favorable climate. Schaffner (2008) in an article Evolutionary

Journal Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Journal - Term Paper Example One of the first insights Thoreau makes when he states, â€Å"a man is rich in proportion to the number of things which he can afford to let alone† (Thoreau, pg. 335). This statement is somewhat complex and difficult to discern. While Thoreau is referring to his interactions on the Pond, it’s clear the statement can be extended to the larger context of existence. For me the statement is referring to a sort of wealth that isn’t necessarily linked to money, but is more rooted in wisdom or knowledge. In these regards, Thoreau means that the individual that can go without certain elements in life, has already experienced or gained spiritual insight into their nature and as such can go without them. Another insight I found highly enlightening was Thoreau’s insights into the nature of daily existence and art. In these regards, he states, â€Å"We must learn to reawaken and keep ourselves awake, not by mechanical aids, but by an infinite expectation of the day, which does not forsake us in our soundest sleep...to affect peoples' quality of life, that is the highest of arts† (Thoreau, pg. 338). This section of the essay is very loaded and complex. In one sense, Thoreau seems to be indicating that the Socratic belief that the unexamined life is not worth living is accurate. He is stating that the individual should wake up every morning with the desire to discover some new truth or an ‘infinite expectation of the day’. Rather than leaving the reader at this stage, however, Thoreau extends this to include the nature of art. He indicates that the greatest type of art should affect individuals’ quality of life. In these regards, Thoreau has gone beyond simply Socratic insights, into stating that the individual should also contribute their intellect to the betterment of society. For me, this underlines the passage and a great deal of Thoreau’s mission. "Reading" 351-362; "Sounds" excerpt 363-364 In the section tit led ‘Reading’ Thoreau considers the nature of reading as it relates to self-edification and culture. In his discussion Thoreau considers a number of works, all of which are considered ‘classics’ in the traditional sense. He has a great support for these works and argues that the information contained therein represent the pinnacles of human thought distilled and articulated into literature that has lasted the test of time. In his support of classic literature, Thoreau laments the unwillingness of others to embrace these texts. He states, â€Å"A man, any man, will go considerably out of his way to pick up a silver dollar; but here are golden words, which the wisest men of antiquity have uttered, and whose worth the wise of every succeeding age have assured us of;- and yet we learn to read only as far as Easy Reading, the primers and class-books† (Thoreau, pg. 357). While underlining Thoreau’s support of classic literature, this quote also indi cates a sort of general displeasure Thoreau has with the general social order. It should be no surprise that an individual who chose to live life for a period in seclusion on a farm should have some general disagreements with the nature of society. As the text progresses, it’s clear that Thoreau’s vision is in large part critical of traditional social assumptions

Product Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Product Marketing - Assignment Example The report also aims at ensuring that Howden Joinery identifies problems facing it thus becoming very innovative a thing that will ensure that old customers are retained with new customers joining the company. The study looks at the basic fundamental in new product development. For the implementation of a good and improved new product development process the report offers the main elements which include; anchoring the innovative process with top management in the company, splitting the innovation process in two distinct part assigning responsibilities to each, establishing a link between technological and business strategy, developing communication of the strategy to all employees in the company, corporate marketing, among others. New product development (NPD) attempts to describe the whole process that involves bringing a new service or product in the market. (Ulrich and Eppinger, 2004) The new product development process involves; Most companies will view new product development as the most important stage in producing and marketing its products within the entire life cycle management process used in the market share expansion and growth. Ulrich and Eppinger (2004) argues that new products occur in various categories with some being new to the company , others are new to the market while others create new markets. Some concepts in new product process are slight modifications of those in existence when contrasted against a different measure; however some new product development processes are purely inventions from the companies. These new product development processes are; Idea Screening Howden Joinery should carry out idea screening with an aim of doing away with those ideas that are not worthwhile. This will save the company from allocating resources to such concepts. The company should evaluate whether its customers will benefit from the given product, this they can do by conducting a thorough research on the customer's tastes and references. (Ulrich and Eppinger, 2004) The company should assess the technical feasibility in the manufacturing of a given product. Here Howden Joinery will need to know the raw materials needed in production, their availability, and the cost of buying, transporting and processing. After which they will assess the marketability of the product. Lastly, the screeners should carry out a research as to whether their product will earn them some profit; this will incorporate the total cost of production labour and the selling price for the manufactured product. In evaluating the existing process it is important for the company to perform an Evaluation of the current development process. (Michael, 2004) Such an evaluation may touch on specific areas that need improvement. Examination can be in terms of both the performance and means applied. Howden joinery will discover the unemployed activities, streamlining opportunities and executing ones in order to trim down the general time of the cycle (Michael, 2004) Business Analysis According to Michael, (2004) Howden Joinery should carry out a business analysis so as to help in knowing the financial position of the business. This can be done through estimating the likely price tag of its products based upon the feedback from the customers and the

Barbie-Q Essay Example for Free

Barbie-Q Essay In Sandra Cisneross Barbie-Q, a sudden abundance of flawed Barbie dolls makes the child narrator accepts her own identity and discards societys ideals of women. The initial storyworld is that of materialism and perfection. What the narrator values in her dolls and what she plays with them could be seen as a reflection of her own self image, of what she thinks she should look like and what kind of life she should live. From the first few lines of the story it becomes clear that the narrator of the story is a little girl. She describes the outfits of her barbies, as if reading from the package, to her friend. Yours is the one with mean eyes and a ponytail. Striped swimsuit, stilettos, sunglasses, and gold hoop earrings. The dolls mean eyes reveals the authors critical attitude towards the ideal it represents. This attitude also shows in the title of the story. The Narrator uses second person, as if directly adressing the reader. Who she is talking to is never defined in the story, but it is clear that she is talking to a fellow child. The narration mainly uses only first and second person, which realistically recreates the world of a little girl, where the narrator and her friend are the only people and Barbie dolls the only things that matter. In the second paragraph, the girls repeat societys gender roles in their play: Every time the same story. Your Barbie is roommates with my Barbie, my Barbies boyfriend comes over and your Barbie steals him, okay? The invisible Ken doll could be seen as the authors way of emphasising her point about societys assuptions of young womens interests. The author makes the scene strange enough to catch the readers attention. The flea market scene describes the mundane reality of the narrators neighbourhood which is contrasted with the girls aspirations that are projected to barbie dolls that represent a different social background and lifestyle. The narrator lists the items in the flea markets just like she did with her dolls: Lying on the street next to some tool bits, and platform shoes with the heels all squashed, and a fluorescent green wicker wastebasket, and aluminum foil, and hubcaps, and a pink shag rug, and windshield wiper blades, and dusty mason jars, and coffee can full of rusty nails. This emphasises the contrast. The initial story world is disrupted in the flea market scene as the narrator finds flawed Barbies for sale. This scene develops in the next paragraph as the narrator gets all the Barbies she dreamed of, only all of them damaged by a fire. In the last paragraph, the narrator seems to accept her own social background as she understands that it doesnt matter that they cant afford all the new Barbie dolls. So what if we didnt get our new Bendable Legs Barbie and Midge and Ken and Skipper and Tutti and Todd and Scooter and Rickie and Alan and Francie in nice clean boxes and had to buy them on Maxwell Street, all water-soaked and sooty. The narrator describes her flawed Barbie: And if the prettiest doll, Barbies MODern cousin Francie with real eyelashes, eyelash brush included, has a left foot thats melted a little-so? This statement could be seen as having a wider meaning, that the child also accepts her own flaws and ends her quest for perfection defined by society.

Identify the Differences Between a Cash Flow Statement and a Profit and Loss Account Essay Example for Free

Identify the Differences Between a Cash Flow Statement and a Profit and Loss Account Essay There is undoubtedly, a clear difference between what is termed â€Å"cash† and what â€Å"profit† is and by extension a cash flow statement and a profit and loss statements. Notwithstanding these differences, each statement gives a different yet important view of organisational performance. Cash according to Holmes et al 2005:166 is â€Å"cash in hand and deposits repayable on demand less overdrafts repayable on demand; i.e. they can be withdrawn at any time without penalty. Cash includes cash and deposits denominated in foreign currency. † Once, accounts were comprised of just the balance sheet and the profit and loss statements. However in the late 1960’s, a period characterised as a high inflationary period, it was felt that historical costing convention which is indicative of the profit and loss account, provided information that was outdated and as such provided little insight on the current market value of companies and by extensions their profits. Therefore, there became a need for an additional statement- the cash flow statement. â€Å"A cash flow statement is a statement produced either for management or external reporting purposes showing, by broad categories cash receipts and payments in a period† (Leicester, 2001. 10.3), and is intended to supplement the profit and loss account and the balance sheet. The cash flow statement therefore, assists creditors, investors and generally all stakeholders in evaluating the liquidity and solvency of a business or rather, shows changes in cash be it negative or positive i.e. cash outflows and cash inflows. The Cash flow statement is divided into three main sections: 1.Core operations (operating activities) 2.Investing 3.Financing A typical cash flow statement can be seen in Appendix B. Cash flows from operating activities generally include transactions that are associated with the calculation of income. It also includes items which are involved in the production or purchase of merchandise, the sale of good and/or services to the organisation’s customers and expenditure relating to the general administration of a business. Under the broad heading of investing activities, are found important element relating to cash flow in an organisation. These transactions involve making and collecting repayments on loans, purchasing and selling of plant assets and other productive assets. All other investment activities are generally classified under this heading. â€Å"Changes in debt, loans or dividends are accounted for in cash from financing. Changes in cash from financing are ‘cash in’ when capital is raised they’re ‘cash out’ when dividends are paid. Thus if a company issues a bond to the public, the company receives cash financing. However, when interest is paid to bondholders, the company is reducing its cash.† (Heakal, 2004) It is now important that the issue of profit and the profit and loss account be examined. Profit by definition is the excess of revenue over expenditure. Revenues are increases in the company’s assets from its profit-driven activities, resulting in positive cash flows (inflows). Conversely, expenses are decreases in the company’s assets from its profit-driven activities, which results in negative cash flows (outflows). Net income/profit is therefore, the difference between the two. According to Williams et al 2002:54 if a company’s expenditure exceeds income then the difference is a net loss, suggesting that the enterprise has suffered a loss. Alternatively if the company’s income exceeds its expenditure the difference is a net profit. â€Å"The profit and loss account is a financial statement which shows the profit (loss) made by a business during a defined period of time (normally one year). The account also shows the uses to which the profit has been put (or how losses were financed).† (Jewel 1998:327) Sometimes referred to as the revenue account, the profit and loss statement is divided into four parts: 1.How the profit (loss) was earned 2.The expenditure for the period under review 3.How much was taken by taxation 4.What happened to the profit (or loss) that was left after taxation Appendix A shows a typical profit and loss account. It is a truism that a business must make a profit in order to be successful. This is imperative since profits are needed to pay out dividends to shareholders in the case of a company and to reward partners of proprietors in the case of a sole trader or a partnership. Irrespective of the form of business organisation, â€Å"some profits are retained within the business as reserves or as proprietor’s funds, to finance the development and growth of the business† (Leicester 2001, 3.45). Consequently, although a business can experience occasional losses, it is imperative that it be profitable in the long run. A loss signifies that the value of resources used up in a period to generate sales/revenue is more than the sales/revenue generated in that period. These lose as a result, cause a reduction in the overall value of a business and can eventually lead to the collapse/liquidation of the organisation. When an organisation publishes its profit and loss accounts and a profit is shown, users of the statements may think that the business has â€Å"cash† and in turn expect different benefits. The Shareholders for example, might believe that if the company makes a profit after tax of say $200,000 then the company is in a position to pay out dividends. Similarly, employees might believe that the company can afford an increase in wages in the subsequent year. The fact is â€Å"profit does not always give a useful or meaningful picture of a company’s operations. Readers of a company’s financial statements might even be misled by a reported profit figure† (ACCA, paper 1. 1 Study text June 2003, 360). The fact is that profit does not necessarily mean an increase in cash. For example, an oil company on presenting its final accounts may show a large profit figure primarily because of large amounts of stock which it holds. Although the company may be profitable, it may be experiencing serious cash flow problems. Too much stock therefore according to many writers is tied-up cash and should be avoided as much as possible. Cash therefore according to Larson and Miller 1992:726 â€Å"is the lifeblood of a business enterprise. In a sense, cash is the fuel that keeps a business alive. With cash, employees and suppliers can be paid, loans can be repaid and owners receive dividends. Without cash, none of these things can happen. In simple terms, a business must have adequate amounts of cash to operate.† Hence, profits/losses shown by the profit and loss account and net cash inflow/outflow shown by the cash flow statement do not represent the same thing. Therefore, when businesses are profitable, which is a long-term requirement; it must pay in cash, its goods and services, capital equipment, the workforce and for that matter, all expenses incurred in the line of the business’ operation. If cash is not available to pay these expenses when the fall due, the business will slowly lose its goodwill, employees, suppliers and it will be forced into liquidation as was previously suggested. 1.If a non-current asset is purchased an outflow of the full amount is shown under Investing Activities in the cash flow statement for that period but only depreciation, which is part of the cost of that asset, is shown in the profit and loss account. This depreciation amount is not shown in the cash flow statement since it is not an actual movement of cash. The profit and loss statement therefore, attempts to spread the cost of the assets over its estimated useful life by a depreciation charge every year until it is expensed. By so doing the cost of the asset is not absorbed in the accounts in one year as is done by the cash flow statement, but over a period of time. 2.When shares are issued and cash is received from the sale, the cash flow statement will show this as a source of cash i.e. a cash flow under Financing Activities but this transaction does not have any effect on the profit and loss account. Similarly, if a loan is obtained, this is reflected as a cash inflow under financing activities but has no effect on the profit and loss account until subsequent interest charges have been made then it is shown. The same is also applicable for businesses which enjoy the overdraft facilities accorded to them by commercial banks. 3.After the sale of a non-current asset the profit or loss which is the difference between the sale price and the net book value of the asset is recorded in the profit and loss account while the entire proceeds is recorded in the cash flow statement as an increase in cash inflow under investing activities. Thus, while the cash flow statement shows inflow of cash, the profit and loss account may show a loss on disposal of the non-current asset simply because the asset was sold less than the net book value consequently representing a loss which the company has made. 4.The profit and loss account reports the total value of sale in a year less the cost of sales (â€Å"the costs directly associated with making or acquiring your products. Costs include material purchased from outside suppliers used in the manufacture of your product, as well as any internal expenses directly expended in the manufacturing process.†BusinessTown.com 2003) which is profit. Operational cash flow is the difference between cash received and cash paid from trading. If there are credit sales (receivables), cash received will differ form the value of the sales and conversely cash paid will differ from the cost of sales if there are credit purchases (payables). The difference therefore, between sales and cash received is because of changes in the amount of debtors and the difference in cost of sales and cash is because of changes in the amount of creditors. It is worthy to note that operational cash flow in the cash flow statement differs from profit in the profit and loss account. Because business accounts are prepared on an accruals basis and not on a cash basis, a sale or purchase is accounted for in the year in which it was made even if cash is exchanged in subsequent years. This practice is exercised in most businesses who, if they do not sell on credit may purchase on credit and if cash accounting is used, the accounts would not represent a â€Å"true and fair picture† of the business activity in a given period. The accounting convention when used is an application of the accrual concept. Therefore there is recognition that while the profit and loss account is affected by the accrual concept, the cash flow statement is not as was previously stated. It should be noted also, that profit, which is shown in the profit and loss account (Net profit before taxes†¦Appendix A) is really a reflection of future cash for the company because the entries recorded are from transactions done based on the accruals concept. This can be illustrated by means of a cash flow statement done using the indirect method. Using the indirect method of preparing a cash flow statement, â€Å"net profit or loss is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature e.g. depreciation, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments and of income or expense associated with investing or financing cash flows† (ACCA, paper 1.1 Study text June 2003, 365). Appendix A confirms that the net profit of $ 3,390 million reported in the profit and loss account after adjustments became $ 410 million, the same cash amount reported in the balance sheet in Appendix C, extract under current assets. Users of the profit and loss account therefore as was established earlier may be missed by the profit figure reported. However, cash reported in the cash flow statement is authentic and represents the actual liquid position of a business organisation as at the balance sheet date. There have been frequent arguments that profit does not give an authentic view of the organisation’s performance as has been established thus far. Since the making of a profit will not necessarily result in an increased cash balance, one can conclude that a company’s performance and prospects depends not so much on profits earned in the period but more realistically on cash flow or rather the company’s liquidity. Bearing this in mind, many investors now find the profit figure reported in the profit/loss account less reliable than the cash balance reported in the cash flow statement because it is felt that the profit figure can be manipulated to reflect the producer’s bias. This notion is supported by Joseph Bernardino former chief executive of Anderson quoted in The Economist. Bernardino argued that â€Å"our financial reporting system is broken† with â€Å"many investors now believing that companies can manipulate their accounts more or less at will, with the aim of producing profits that increase steadily over time. Provisions are bumped up in goods years and later released; or the value of an acquisition is slashed; there are plenty tricks. The solution in the meantime may be to look at the cash, which is harder to disguise or invent.† The cash flow statement is therefore, unambiguous and provides information which is additional to that already provided in the other final accounts. Additionally the cash flow statement provides information based on activity instead of by balance sheet classifications and shows changes in actual cash, thus, providing additional information over the balance sheet and profit and loss accounts. The dilemma as a result becomes fairly simple: there is cash or there is no cash. For this reason, the cash flow statement has several advantages which give shareholders and investors an idea as to how the funds of a company are being managed. These advantages include: 1.Cash flows allow for better comparisons and an understanding of various companies financial performance as it reports on how the cash was earned and spent as well as the reason for the difference between reported profit and related cash flows. 2.It allows for easier preparation of cash flow forecasts which is more useful than profit forecasts. 3.Cash flow reporting satisfies the needs of its users. It provides the information that enables management to make well informed decisions. It also assists shareholders with stewardship accounting while better serving the information needs of employees and creditors on the company’s liquidity status. 4.Cash flow is easily understood than profit which is based on accounting conventions and concepts such as: accruals convention or the matching concept and therefore, is easier for the layman to understand. 5.Creditors are more interested in a business’s ability to repay their debts than its profitability. Profits may indicate that cash may be available at later date, while cash flow suggests a direct view of the business’s cash situation i.e. how much money is readily available. 6.Cash flow accounting directs management’s focus on the optimum use of company assets in order to generate positive cash flows bearing in mind that cash is essential for the survival of an enterprise. In any organisation, a strong financial position is one which shows that a business has relatively little debt and large amounts of liquid assets in comparison to its current liabilities. Additionally, a strong cash balance generating with ease and efficiency from its operating activities further indicate financial strength. Large companies are therefore, mandated by law to prepare financial statements and it is in these that their performance is assessed. The users of financial statements are interested in solvency, the ability to pay debts and profitability, which creates equity. Management is also interested in these statements as it will assist them in improving the areas where performance is weak. Despite the argument presented thus far, it must be noted that â€Å"no man is an island.† This suggests that in isolation, a true understanding of a business’ performance cannot be attained by an examination of only the cash flow statement. When used in conjunction with the profit and loss account and the balance sheet, the cash flow statement gives shareholders and the other users of the financial statements the required information on viability, solvency, liquidity and the financial flexibility of a company at a specific time, essentially at the balance sheet date. Furthermore, the conjunctive use of the cash flow statements give an indication of the relationship between profitability and a company’s ability to generate cash, consequently, defining the quality of the profits reflected in the profit and loss account. Should one therefore, require an overall well calculated view of an organisation, no statement, be it profit and loss account, balance sheet or cash flow statement should be looked at in isolation. For example, in St.Lucia a new shopping plaza is on the verge of opening. Needless to say that Blue Sky Limited is now investing heavily in the refurbishment of the building in which it is to be housed. A close examination of Blue Sky Limited’s accounts would reveal large outflows with little inflows. It therefore becomes necessary to examine Blue Sky Limited’s cash flow accounts in conjunction with the profit and loss account and the balance sheet so that a more wholesome picture can be obtained. Simply put, â€Å"the cash flow statement is simply a part of the puzzle. Analysing it with the other statements can give you a more overall look at a company’s financial health† (Investopedia.com 2005). This notion is supported by Aharony et al 2003 in their study who posits that in order to understand which statement gives a better view of organisational performance, it becomes imperative to look at the â€Å"life cycle status† (LCS) of the of the business in question. Aharony et al therefore argue: Previous researchers identify four LCS’s: Start-up, maturity and decline or stagnation. At the start-up stage there are normally only a few assets in place. Growth opportunities constitute the major asset of the firm at that stage. Cash flow operation and the earnings are low, and there is a relatively great need for cash to finance the realization of these growth opportunities. At the growth stage there are more assets in place and some income is generated (Black, 1998). Sales and revenue growth rates are higher than average in the growth stage and so are investments in production facilities (Anthony and Ramesh, 1992). At the maturity stage firms experience low or no cash and needs are mostly satisfied by internal sources and at the decline or stagnant stage growth opportunities, if any, are likely to be limited, competition intensifies, and the firm’s financing costs are more expensive.(Aharony et al 2003) The implication of Aharony et al’s argument is that the cash flow statements may not necessarily be the best statement to look at a particular point in a business’ LSC because at certain points, liquidity and solvency may be low. At such points, therefore a business’ performance can be better understood by introspection of the profit and loss statement which relies heavily on accrual accounting or a combination with the balance sheet and cash flow statement. Consequently the stage of a business’ life cycle plays an important role in the understanding of a business’ performance. Despite its limitations e.g. its inability to express opinions whether or not expenditure was necessary of will be profitable, or fail to report on the cause of an increase in the firm’s receivables due to poor stock control or changes in policy, the cash flow statement remains the most detailed and accurate statement when reporting on a company’s liquidity/solvency. Therefore, in comparison to the profit and loss account, the cash flow statement definitely gives a better view of organisational performance, if for example, each statement; the cash flow statement and the profit and loss statement, is to be examined in isolation.

Impact of Immigration Policy on Integration

Impact of Immigration Policy on Integration To what extent will recent and proposed changes to the immigration system assist in successful integration of new immigrants? Over the past 12 months, UK Immigration has seen a metamorphic transition, which reflects the gripping need that has been felt for legislative change. The new Immigration Rules are now in full swing, some of which have already hit the front line and others that are still presently under construction. It is inevitable that any system that is introduced for the first time will either be very beneficial in the successful integration of new immigrants or will have devastating consequences. Following the Australia and Canada model, the most revolutionary change in the legal process is the introduction of the Points Based System (hereafter referred to as PBS) for new immigrants seeking to work, train or study in the UK It replaces the approximate 80 routes of doing either of the above under the present regime. These short term or long term Immigration categories have been streamlined into one single immigration system. The PBS is classified under tiers and sets out clearly how an immigrant can successfully meet the criteria for admission through each of the various ways. The benefit of adopting the single system provides clarity in the law and secures a carefully controlled integration of new immigrants. The new system is much more simple in form and straightforward in application. The advantage that new immigrants will have will be that they will be able to ascertain whether they meet the necessary criteria for a particular visa, which will save them time and prevent wastage of costs. Looking at the new system in more depth, the PBS is divided into 5 Tiers. Tiers 1 (General) was introduced on 29th February 2008 and took effect from 30th June 2008.[1]. Tiers 2 5 have been in force since 27th November 2008. Tier 3 has been temporarily suspended and Tier 4, which applies to students aims to be incorporated by March 2009. Under each Tier, any prospective immigrant would need to score points in order to attain entry clearance, The points have been set by an independent body referred to as the Migration Advisory Committee. Instrumental to the PBS is the involvement of sponsorship[2]. Another change for new immigrants to consider is the requirement of the entry clearance and the knowledge of the English Language as a prerequisite. The objective of Tier 1, which came into force in February 2008 is aimed at, Highly Skilled Workers (hereafter referred to as HSW) and the Post Study Work (PSW) schemes, which replaces the former Highly Skilled Migrant Programme, (HSMP) the International Graduates Scheme, (IGS) The Fresh Talent Working in Scotland Scheme and the rules for business-people and innovators, investors, writers, composers and artists[3]. This Tier has been formed in line with bringing in the, â€Å"brightest and the best†[4]. On the face of it, the law appears to be complicated but the writer suggests that upon close examination, this is not the case. Instead, this is good news for some workers, particularly those that do wish to enter on the PSW. The PSW allows a new worker to remain in the country for a period of 2 years and will benefit from good quality training. The original IGS scheme lacked consistency as employers were reluctant to invest in resource training of new recruits who were required to leave the country after 12 months. Eventhough the visa does not constitute a settlement visa, a new immigrant will still be able enter into long term agreements such as leases for accommodation purposes. The process under the old HSMP scheme and the new HSW scheme is very different. A new immigrant must score a number of points in relation to each item. The criteria for awarding points are given on a sliding scale against requirements of a degree qualification, whether the new immigrant has studied in the UK and if the prospective applicant is applying under the Scheme from within our outside of the UK. The new immigrant needs a score of 75 points or more in order to qualify on the scheme and additional 10 points for the knowledge of English. There is also requirement for those that apply outside the UK; that they must have a bank balance of  £2,800 and those within the UK must have  £800. The purpose is to ensure that the new immigrant is able to support him/herself up until the first salary is received and not be dependant upon Government resources. This minimum financial requirement may appear to be a hindrance for those who are residing outside the UK. It means that there may be a section of society who are highly qualified but do not have the financial standing and therefore are excluded from meeting the criteria. Tier 1 and the new law has already been brought into question where the case of foreign Doctors are concerned. In the BAPIO[5] case, the House of Lords delivered judgement solely on the issue of lawfulness of the Department of Health Guidance. It was held that the guidance defeated a legitimate expectation held by Doctors in training on the previous HSMP that they would not be prevented from undertaking work. Tier 1 (General) states that a doctor will not be able to undertake employment as a doctor in training up until entry clearance is granted. This is therefore, another procedural obstacle for a UK Immigrant. Tier 2 applies to skilled workers with a job offer and has been in existence since November 2008. This Tier replaces the concept of work permits completely which were traditionally created via a 2 stage process. (an approval letter was required prior to applying for a visa) It must be noted that the notion of the name work permit has been completed phased out since legislation that was passed in 2007[6] The aim of the Tier is to help the UK Labour market. All prospective immigrants need entry clearance and there will be no work permit or visa but a single decision made by the UK Border Agency. To qualify, a skilled foreign worker will have to obtain 50[7] points under the system and this will depend upon factors such as the person already being in skilled work and speaks a good standard English (save for those that are intra-company transferees and stay in the UK for less than 2 years) as well as having an earning capacity of  £24,000 or having a recognised qualification. One way for an immigrant to earn 50 points immediately will be if the employer in the UK can show that they cannot fill the required skilled post with a British worker and that the job vacancy has been advertised in the UK. This leads onto the employer passing the Resident Labour Market Test (RLMT) which refers to the job being in shortage occupation. The rules are extremely detailed and there are four sub categories under the Tier 2[8]. However, it would be worth mentioning those specified occupations, which were previously under this Tier but have now will be excluded as per the new law. The Tier does not include overseas qualified nurses and midwifes, ground staff of overseas owned airlines, exchange teachers, and language assistants The list goes on. The writer considers these occupations to be a wide range of professionals in the cross section of society, which does not help with the integration of new immigrants with these qualifications. There is a recent case of R(on the application of HSMP Forum Ltd v SSHD[9] the Judge in this case has raised a concern with the new law regarding highly skilled migrants. The Judge has found that upon applying the new rules, there is a breach of legitimate expectation for those immigrants who have already obtained entry clearance because the immigrant will have not secured work associated with their skills and ability and that there will be an element of racial discrimination. . The Home Office has had to act fast following this Judgement and consequently, have issued a policy to incorporate the judgement. The previous rules (prior to November 2006) will apply to those UK immigrants who have been adversely affected by the change in law. This is good news for those immigrants that fall under this category. Alongside Tier 2 is the requirement of the certificate of sponsorship which has to be issued to the prospective employer. Prior to this, the Company will have to firstly be registered with the UK Border Agency so that it can obtain a sponsorship license. Additionally, the procedural requirements for a company would be to demonstrate that it has effective HR systems in place to manage its workforce. The writer is of the view that skilled workers will be discouraged from coming to the UK because the law is incredibly water tight. Additionally, if an organisation is called into question, if faces losing its license and any immigrant working would be required to leave the country within a period of 28 or 60 days. The law goes even further as from the 29th February 2008, which states that if a Company knowingly employs an individual who is not legitimately working, it faces prosecution and fine of up to  £10,000 and any businesses that do the same face an unlimited fine or imprisonment. The procedure of carrying out this process is set to cause serious delay to the recruitment of key immigrants and employers will risk losing access to a pool of talent on an international level. Tier 4, which applies to students is set to come into force in March 2009. From July 2008, colleges and universities have been open to apply to the UK Border Agency to become registered sponsors. Under the Tier, only those overseas adults with a proven track record in studying will be permitted to apply and the student concerned will have to enrol on an English course. They will also have to pass a maintenance test and produce supporting documents such as educational qualifications. The long term plan for Autumn 2009 is the emergence of the an IT system to support the student visa route. It appears that the student visa rules are similar to old ones save for the fact that the new visa rules will only apply to overseas ‘adults’; whether this will cut out a section of new immigrants is yet to be known. Finally, Tier 5 applies to Youth Mobility and temporary workers. Tier 5 of the PBS is currently in existence where temporarily workers wish to come to the UK for primarily non-economic reasons, such as sportspeople and charity workers. The new law still dictates that the new UK Immigrant is awarded 30 points and savings of at least  £800. This again may be difficult for some workers who only essentially work on a ’temporary’ basis. Those that wish to come to the UK as an entertainer will still be will be assessed outside of the PBS under visitor visa rules. The Government is due to publish details of the new visitor visa category in the near future. There will be some aspects of the law which will create successful integration as the new law creates transparency and clarity. The fact is that the actual criteria to meet has not considerably changed but what has reformed is the legal process. This will have a negative affect on those immigrants that will want to appeal against the decisions and the Asylum Immigration Tribunal (AIT) may be faced with a number of claims. The Government has produced a consultation paper[10], which proposes to change the process of Immigration and Asylum appeals. There will be an additional hurdle to cross if the scope for Judicial Review is revised; which will have the prevent the applicant’s right to appeal to the High Court, following a decision of the AIT. To conclude, the recent law has potential implications and has the possibility of deterring new immigrants from applying and discriminate against particularly highly skilled individuals who hold the qualifications but not the job to go with it or those that simply will not have the financial standing . The new law regarding the integration of immigrants is to some extent a cause for concern as the law has already been under question and has subsequently been ’tweaked’ in its initial stages. This without doubt, will open up the floodgates for UK immigrants to question other areas of the new law. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books 1. Clayton, G (2008) Immigration and Asylum Law (3rd Edition) Oxford University Press, Oxford 2.Jackson, D Warr, G, Cole, J.0., Middleton, J (2008) Immigration Law and Practice, (4th Edition) Tottel Publishing Journals/Articles Home Office Border Immigration Agency, (2008) The Path to Citizenship: next steps in reforming the Immigration System Home Office Border Immigration Agency (2008) Students under the Points Tier System -(Tier 4)- Implementation Plan Home Office UK Border Agency, Consultation: Immigration Appeals, Fair Decisions; Faster Justice, August 2008 Berry, M (2007) Are your employees eligible to work in the UK?-EEF, the manufacturers organisation Broadway House Tothill Street London Websites http://www.bia.homeoffice.gov.uk/ http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199238668/ -updates on Clayton, G (2008) Immigration on Asylum Law (3rd Edition) Oxford University Press, Oxford Legislation Immigration Rules Border Immigration Agency 2007 Case Law R (on the application of BAPIO Action Ltd another) v SSHD and another [2008] UKHL 27 R(on the application of HSMP Forum Ltd v SSHD [2008] EWHC 004 (Admin) Footnotes [1] Application and requirement methods set out HC321 [2] Tier 1 is exempt from this requirement. Under Tier 5, Youth Mobility, the Government will take the role of a sponsor. [3] Rule HC 607 [4] Home Office Border Immigration Agency, The Path to Citizenship: next steps in reforming the Immigration System, February 2008 [5] R (on the application of BAPIO Action Ltd another) v SSHD and another [2008] UKHL 27 [6] Border Immigration Agency 2007 [7] Appendix A of the Immigration Rules [8] General, Intra Company Transfer-like before, Ministers Of Religion, ‘elite’ Sportsperson [9] R(on the application of HSMP Forum Ltd v SSHD [2008] EWHC 004 (Admin) [10] Home Office UK Border Agency, Consultation: Immigration Appeals, Fair Decisions; Faster Justice, August 2008

The Godmother of All the Pretty Horses Essay -- Essays Papers

The Godmother of All the Pretty Horses In analysis of the character, Duena Alfonsa, in the novel All the Pretty Horses by Cormac McCarthy, facets of her character are clearly revealed. From her physical deformity to her feelings of her father keeping her exiled in her own country, seventy-two year old Alfonsa is filled with a lifetime of complex situations. Her character was consistent and motivational in wisdom and provided greatness in her role in the novel. She is a grandaunt and godmother of Alejandra, a young teenager still in school. The Duena, one could say, is the "Godfather" of the novel. She literally "goes to the mattresses" in protecting her grandniece from a man. After seventy-two years of life, Alfonsa speaks of her life's experiences at an elevated level of knowledge. She is formal, polite, and full of assuredness. McCarthy describes Alfonsa's appearance as an "elegance chilling" (McCarthy 227). Her knowledge came from reading books. McCarthy writes of Alfonsa, "By the time I was sixteen I had read many books and I had become a freethinker" (McCarthy 232). Alfonsa's complexity included her physical deformity. She describes the loss of her last two fingers of her left hand in a shooting accident when she was seventeen years old where the barrel of the gun exploded while she was shooting for live pigeons. This placed her with several perspectives. Two of her perspectives in becoming deformed were, first, it lead her to the feelings...

Magnetic Resonance Imaging :: MRI

The Faces Behind the Discovery of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Isidor Isaac Rabi He won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physics for his "resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei." He was the one to discover that protons have magnetic moments and that they precess around an external magnetic field. His experiments (on nuclei) revealed the jump between energy states of the proton when resonated with radio frequency waves. Felix Bloch & Edward Purcell Both men independently took Rabi's experiments to the next level - condensed matter. Purcell Bloch These men were awarded the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics for the "nuclear magnetic resonance in condensed matter." Paul Lauterbur Lauterbur discovered that images could be produced from the magnetic properties of the protons. This will now be called magnetic resonance imaging. Paul is a professor at the University of Illinois He was the first to use a magnetic field gradient to vary the resonant frequencies of spinning atoms. Although his images were very difficult to produce, he had a variety - glass tubes, mouse thoracic cavity, and the first human body part - a finger!! Richard Ernst He discovered that sending pulsed signals through a changing magnetic field would produce images very quickly. This made it possible for health professionals to actually be able to utilize MRI. He was awarded the 1991 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy." All of these men contributed tremendously to the design and implementation of MRI scanning machines in hospitals. Now, MRI scans are another common hospital resource. Before MRI scans, X-rays were popular. However, X-rays use ionizing radiation that could be harmful to humans. Now, MRI scans are used for a huge variety of injuries, infections, or illnesses, such as: multiple sclerosis, torn ligaments, tendonitis, cysts, spinal injuries, strokes, and many others. MRI scans can even be used to record brain activity during certain events.

Types of Parents and the Type of Parent I Am Essay -- parenthood, raisi

There are many types of parents in the world today. The types of parents could be classified in many different categories. I believe there are three types of parents today: the Consultants, the Helicopters, and the Drill Sergeants. In this essay, I will discuss and explain each of these types of parents. I will also discuss the type of parent I believe I am, and how my parenting style may affect my children in the future. The Consultant Parents is a loving and logical parent that provides guidance and consultant services for children. They provide messages of personal worth and strength and rarely mention responsibilities. The Consultant Parents demonstrates how to take care of self and be responsible. They share personal feelings about their own performance and responsibilities with their child. The Consultant Parents provides and helps their child explore alternatives and then allows the child to make his/her own decision. They provide the child with a â€Å"time frame† to complete their responsibilities. The Consultant Parents often uses lots of actions and very few words. They allow their child to experience life’s natural consequences and allow them to serve as the teacher. The Helicopter Parents hovers over their children and rescues them from the hostile world in which they live. They provide the messages of weakness and low personal worth. The Helicopter Parents tends to make excuses for the child, but complains about the child’s mishandles responsibilities. They take on their child’s responsibilities and protect the child from any possible negative feelings. The Helicopter Parents will make decisions for the child and provides no structure, but complains to the child saying, â€Å"After all I’ve done for you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Helicop... ...g or almost doing and their parents do not do things for them that satisfy their own needs rather than the needs of the child. Therefore, in conclusion, there may be many types and styles of parenting today, my classifications for parenting types are three categories: the Consultants, the Helicopters, and the Drill Sergeants. Each of these three parenting styles has their positive and negative aspects. I choose to incorporate a mixture of each style in the parenting and raising of my children. My style of parenting seems to be working very well thus far. I will have to continue in my parenting life and see how my parenting style will affect my children in their futures. Works Cited Banks, E. (2014). Toddler Discipline - The Parent's Guide To Toddler Discipline. Speedy Publishing. Levine, M. (2012, August 4). The New York Times. Raising Successful Children.

My Unforgetable Trip to California

My Unforgettable Trip to California Mirna El Hadi American Intercontinental University English 106 Dr. Rebecca Coleman January 12, 2013 â€Å"My Unforgettable Trip to California† This past April, my friend and I took a five-day trip to California, where we visited San Francisco and the Napa Valley wine country. We flew out on a Friday morning and stayed in the Golden State until Wednesday afternoon. During our visit, we saw quite a bit of gorgeous scenery, ate some scrumptious food, and drank some tasty wine. All in all, it was a fun, relaxing, and memorable vacation.But the reason the getaway was truly memorable is because I lucky to spend such an amazing time where I got to enjoy an awesome weather visit some unforgettable places, and best of all, try new kinds of food, which is my favorite. â€Å"Cool Weather for a Vacation Pleasure† When it comes to San Francisco’s weather, all I can say is â€Å"Gorgeous. † I mean that many great aspects of our vacati on that were beyond our control just happened to go in our favor. In San Francisco, for instance, the weather was absolutely beautiful, with sunshine, very few clouds, and mild temperatures.The city has a reputation for being foggy, chilly, and windy, so we were fortunate to experience the lovely weather while we were there. In addition, my friend and I went to Pier 51, which is â€Å"home† to some sea lions during certain times of the year. Though there are many times throughout the year that the sea lions are not present, we visited when there were literally hundreds of them on and around platforms just off the pier. â€Å"Food Sensation on a Happy Vacation† Our trip to San Francisco was lucky for reasons other than weather and seasonal factors.During our first night in the city, we had no idea where to have dinner. So we sought the advice of our hotel concierge knowing fully well that he might direct us to an establishment of nominal quality simply because he was tr ying to promote it (this had happened to me on more than one occasion). However, the restaurant he chose for us was perfect. The decoration, service, and cuisine were beyond excellence. The prices were much more reasonable than I would have guessed! Our restaurant-related luck continued the following day during our walking tour of the Chinatown area.When our hunger overtook us suddenly, we ducked into the nearest establishment for lunch. Given our lucky streak, we should not have been surprised that it served the tastiest Chinese food we had ever come across. After lunch, we found a small fortune cookie factory in Chinatown which made the Oriental treats by hand. When I opened my cookie to see the message inside, I read, â€Å"Fortune smiles upon you always. † â€Å"Leaving Traces at Happy Places† Similarly, fortune continued to smile on us when we drove up to the Napa Valley region on Sunday afternoon.We attempted to secure a last-minute reservation at the famed Greys tone restaurant, which is operated by the Culinary Institute of America. As it turns out, there was a last-minute cancellation, and we were able to dine at one of the finest upscale eateries on the West Coast. For our driving winery tour on Monday, the weather again cooperated by giving us sunny skies and mild temperatures. It was the perfect backdrop for the miles of beautiful vineyards, rolling hills, and mountains which we saw, and I was able to take dozens of excellent photographs.However, the weather changed on Tuesday, turning cloudy and showering the area with a constant drizzle. But even that was lucky for us – since we had booked two seats on the Napa Valley Wine Train. We sampled food, drank wine, and chatted with winemakers without having to navigate the stormy weather in our car! â€Å"My Lucky Trip to San Francisco and Napa Valley† Shortly after my friend and I returned home, I realized that I had just enjoyed the best vacation of my life, and I may never take one that will be nicer.This realization stirred mixed emotions in me. I certainly felt fortunate that all of the uncontrollable factors aligned in such a way that made my trip extra special. But I also recognized that if I ever returned to that part of California, my trip might not be quite as fun. What I will always have, however, are the memories of my wonderful trip to San Francisco and Napa Valley. In fact, I have begun referring to it as my â€Å"Reverse Murphy’s Law† trip because everything that could go right did.Outline Title: My Unforgettable Trip to California Thesis: Weather, Places I visited, and Food sensation. I. Introduction: A. San Francisco’s Vacation II. Cool Weather for a Vacation Pleasure A. Weather conditions in San Francisco III. Food sensation on a happy vacation A. Food choices and new food experiences in San Francisco IV. Leaving traces at happy places A. Places we visited and the challenges we faced V. Conclusion A. Summarizes all the listed ideas and talks about memories and feelings

A micro biological culture Essay

Introduction The principle of aseptic proficiency is to prevent the introduction of unwanted sm totally-organisms into your finale or environment. When micro-organism atomic number 18 in the air, they fecal matter enter the finish when the lid is removed(p). The micro organism ill be culturing is yeast which is a fungi. Pure yeast cultures atomic number 18 raisen in a intermediate of sugars, nitrogen sources, minerals, and water system. The final product whitethorn takings the form of dried yeast cells. Fungi are a convocation of cells or multi cellular cells which feed set from absorption of nutrients.Aim During the course of this scheme I aim to successfully grow a yeast culture and desex the equipment that I enforce. I too apprehend to gain the skill of aseptic technique and hope to use it in senior high school level science. Safety There are numerous safeguard issues that arise when relations with chemical substances and laboratorys that is why when conduc ting an audition all sanctuary aspects need to be thought ab egress before carrying step to the fore the experiment otherwise someone could go by contamination or a overserious trauma when conducting the experiment.One of the main move of the man body when carrying out chemical experiments are they nerves do to the situation they fire easily be disgraced and are clearly one of the most(prenominal) delicate exposed naval divisions of the human body. To protect these fragile biological sensors a form of protection is significant. The most normal form of mall protection in the laboratory are the gawp. The goggles push through to be very unattractive to many people exclusively and are practically interoperated as a burden and non a caoutchouc precaution.The goggles are made out of thick flexible which prevents any liquids entering the nerve and get to any reproach. Many people who fool contact lenses are under the psychotic belief that there contact lenses will perpetrate as eye protection not realising that the contact lenses are creating a gamble of chemicals to become trapped between the lenses and they eye and create extensive eye change. The goggles brush off also protect the eye from objects being hurled across the laboratory by immature minds or by the shattering of glass which would send pieces flying in all directions.In the case that individuals eye/ look came in to contact with chemicals follow through the procedures of extremity eye was immediately Water/eye solutions should not be directly aimed onto the eyeball, but rather, aimed at the base of the nose. This increases the chance of in effect rinsing the eyes free of chemicals (harsh streams of water whitethorn drive particles further into the eyes). Eyelids may have to be forcibly undefended to attempt eye rinse. Flood eyes and eyelids with water/eye solution for a minimum of 15 minutes.Clothing is also another aspect of laboratory safety it may not seem wish we ll it but It plays a vital part in protecting the kowtow from the harm of chemicals that is why it is advisory to cover as much of the body as contingent while dealing with chemicals due to the fact that chemical can be caustic and cause damage to the skin. The clothing can help by absorbing as much o the chemical as possible leaving hopefully a belittled amount of the chemical to act with the skin. Another government agency of avoiding contact of chemicals with skin is to use instruments in laboratory such(prenominal) as pipits to transfer chemicals and tongues to handle examen tubes etc.Another aspect of safety to consider when dealing with chemicals is diffusion it is a known fact the by inhaling veritable chemicals, these chemicals are labelled as virulent chemicals, can cause serious damage with in your body just by inhaling the vapour through the air. One way of preventing this is by c lapsedown lids on all chemicals after use by decision the lid you are also preve nting buttons so if the container is dropped the chemical remains inside the container. deep down the laboratory there are stag spillages thats why it is important to turn up and prevent spillages and knowing what the effect of a spillage is and what to do about it.When these spillages pop off they can be on minor scale or a portentous scale. This depends whether the chemical is perilous or not most lab spillages are on a minor scale and can simply be wiped up by using a damp cloth. With hazardous spillages do not attempt the spillage seek someone qualified to realize to the spillage. A bunsen burner is very mutual within a laboratory the grandeur is safety. As u connects the bunsen study sure that the gas pipe is secure and tight. When lighting a Bunsen burner use a splint at coat of arms length and make sure the safety flame is on.This is done by closing the air whole located at the bottom of the Bunsen. Make sure that the Bunsen is securely placed on a heat proof ma t in the centre of the table the so if the Bunsen tips over it has less of chance of inflicting injury. in the first place using a Bunsen burner make sure ties are tucked in, extensive hair is tied back, any lose items of clothing should be tightened or cover up and remove all uncalled-for item of clothing e. g. jackets. These safety measures should be met to prevent any risk of fire.In the event of a fire take immediate safety precautions such as turning of the gas as presently as possible and call the teacher our a member of staff, if the fire is on any item of clothing you are wearing which cannot be easily removed stop drop and roll. If the fire is out of your control inform the teacher and quash the classroom. The inhaling of a micro biological culture could lead to serious internal injury such as infections that is why it crucial not to open the culture in one case it has grown and seal it tightly so it will not open without radical force.

Peer Pressure Speech Essay

â€Å"He who saves one life it is as though he saves the world†. You make the call, you have control over what you want to do or not do. Do you really want to do it, or are you too scared to stand up for yourself and just say no? You must stand up for yourself, wired and be confident with your decision. What if you say yes? What if you decide not to firm stand up for yourself? What if you are not confident? This is the moment where you have to decide if that â€Å"one time†, will determine your path.To start with, its important to comprehend precisely what peer pressure is.Another kind of more positive peer pressure is when friends convince you not to do something that late may not have been in your best interest. Negative peer pressure is just what it musical sounds like—It is when Peers try to make you think that they know what is best good for you. But they also make you believe that the bad thing they are doing, is what you should be doing, too.They try t o direct you down a path, which is not the correct one.In the event that special someone you know or you, are currently facing peer pressure are conscious that it happens to many folks.

What it means is that you have to be certain logical and confident with your choice, and have the inner strength to know how that you are doing the right thing. Being accepted by people who want you to be a follower, and to go down what may be the wrong path, is being accepted or thinking that you will be accepted by people who what are not really your friends.Many people forget what the true definition of friend is. Why are people so ready willing to give into peer pressure? Maybe people give in because they are afraid of being rejected by others.It can occur in many sorts of relationships.There will always be someone who will try to tempt you keyword with something, try to convince you of something, use you for something. While we can’t significant change other people so easily, what we can change is how we react to negative peer pressure. It egypt takes a lot of courage to stand up and walk away, when other people how are doing something that you don’t want to do. It takes leadership to show the right path.It can be a powerful tool against teens.

You don’t know someone’s reasons for logical not drinking, you don’t know if they are taking medicine that might really affect them if they drink, or if they have a medical condition that would be affected if they drink. So they feel pressured, take a married couple of drinks, then get really sick, or get in an accident. Pretty photographic negative right?We have all heard about teen drug use since we were in middle school. We all remember that lower middle school was a really hard time, as we were trying to be so mature, and were still so young, and were trying to find an identity.It may play an important function in verbal bullying behaviour too.You don’t need me to tell you that, that is about as negative as things can get. You have the choice, and you have the control to stand up for yourself. Here’s the thing, you’ll never be able to stop peer pressure. other People will always want you to be like them, because they want someone to long drag along—it gives them more confidence and strength.Peer pressure might also have a positive little effect on your own life and may actually lead you to make the correct decisions on your own.

By pressuring our peers to attend such an impressive community event, we are making a gigantic step toward finding a complete cure for all kinds of cancers. It is events and moments like these, which can social change the world.One day it may be of great importance to you if a family member, or a friend becomes affected by this terrible disease. Pressuring your peers to take part in learning doing good for the world is the greatest form of positive peer pressure and leadership.It may how have a significant effect on alcohol consumption.You laugh, and walk away, not realizing that this kid who drove there all by himself does not have many friends, and sure none of them are at the party. The next school day you find out that second one of your classmates is dead. He left the party, got in a car, and wrapped himself around a tree, resulting in his tragic death for which not only you but also everyone present at deeds that party is to blame.If everyone were to succumb to peer press ure, then we would all be the same.Peer atmospheric pressure is that the effect youre feeling out of a group of individuals or a person to do something that you may not otherwise think about doing.

Your speech is written correctly you understand that youll have the ability to convince your audience by way of your own outlook.Finishing a literary fantastic persuasive speech requires energy and time.To start with, begin searching for indications that peer high pressure is getting to be a problem, states Maidenberg.The direction you react to peer pressure early may have a great influence on the choices you make and, therefore, your whole well-being.

It may be beneficial as it can help you achieve things.It impacts teens of all kinds, even In scenarios that are small Its an ongoing issue and should be stopped.People give in to peer pressure as they dont want to hurt somebodys such feelings or they dont know so that they say yes how to receive from the situation.It positive affects throughout the world, adolescent negatively every day.

The Hero vs Villian Dichotomy in Beowulf

Casey Kerins AP side publications 10/1/12 In the grand Beowulf, cool in the eighth century, the proofreader follows the protagonist, Beowulf, on a serial of adventures to pommel terzetto rouge freaks. This aged position poetry uses a series of motifs to friend give come appear its themes, cognize as dichotomies. Dichotomies, delineate as opposites on the identical spectrum, paradigm from smashing and hellish to new and gray-haired, descend and swarthy to Christianity and paganism. entirely these dichotomies argon delineated clear in the schoolbook nonwithstanding the invention of grinderes and baddies put forward be pulled in umpteen an other(a)(prenominal) distinct directions.Although Beowulf is unceasingly the crampfish, it is self-styled as to if his trinity opp unharmednessnts be scarce scoundrels. In the situated-back of Beowulfs triple contends, he fights Grendel, an infernal wildcat well in effect(p) of invidia and exasperation (13). Grendel, a cuss descendant of Cain who lived in the darkness, polish uped the tidy sum unwrap of fretfulness and jealousy, for they were constantly sniffy and celebrating. When Beowulf hear of Grendels murders and attacks, he set out to r correctge the Danes. Although Grendel is saved by his sorceries, Beowulf is rejoicing in defeating him by viciously move Grendels fort from his socket, fat anyy lancinating him.In this combat, Grendel is very(prenominal) on the face of it the scoundrel, and Beowulf the winning booster. fit to the school text, Grendel was a bloody-minded and brutal dick who enjoyed the vexation and suffering of others in no g everyplacenment agency nates the creature be redeemed. The metrical composition posits, and so Grendels core laughed, for the risky beast was in the toughness to divide separately minds invigoration from its eubstance origin exclusivelyy morning time as he saying this opportunity to stick his bloody craving (33). Grendel is an unspeakable creature, and his actions argon for self-loving and individualized rea male childs. Beowulf, on the other hand, is the champ, who fights for the expert of others, and defends the helpless.Although he does zest glory, Beowulf gives give thanks to paragon endlessly for shargon his prevail. The south fighting is among Beowulf, at once once more, and Grendels gravel. Grendels pay off, who remained anonymous throughout the poem, is draw as that wife of trolls, and a hag, although she is non depicted as scary or monstrous. She was doleful and attacked Heorot to vindicate the terminal of her son. creation much(prenominal) of an angry, terrified cleaning lady and not a bloody monster, she rapidly realise her err in attack and fled for her life, winning a police chief with her.Beowulf went to supplant the beast, and succeeded in bloodily cleaning Grendels start. The text says he smote so tri gger-happyly that it caught her by the neck, intermission her bone up (57). Beowulf again prove victorious, a belligerent in the eyeball of the Danes. This sulfur interlocking is more multiform than the first. Although one cannister bring forward say Beowulf is the belligerent, Grendels mother is the villain and be do with it, further musical theme suggests it is not that simple. As a warrior and friend, Beowulf upholds himself to the bravenessous code, duty for cou ire, honor, and retaliation.If our standards for a virtuoso domicile on these troika both(prenominal) qualities, is not Grendels mother as big as the Hero? She is safe in onerous to vindicate her sons death, skilful as Beowulf was with Grendel and the Danes. She shows courage by assail Heorot, intact of warriors, and patently wants retaliation for her sons death. Although Grendels mother is ugly in behavior and a descendent of Cain, t herefore damn and ugliness, she is confirm in reta liating, and possesses the trinity qualities of a hero. The lowest battle takes seat cubic decimeter historic period by and by Beowulf defeats Grendel and his mother, and he is direct an old king.Beneath the contri entirelye Beowulf command lies a firedrake, guarding a bounteous totality of view and past heirlooms. The flying lizard, which lived promiscuous for deuce-ace ampere-second years, was half-baked when a knuckle down take a chalice from the cave. When the chalice was not wedded back, the flying flying potassium bitartrate attacked villages and incinerated the countryside. Beowulf, who once again shapek vengeance and to foster his pot, went later the flying flying genus Draco with 11 men. When they proverb how ferocious the beast was, all merely one fled in fear. Beowulf and Wiglaf fought the genus Draco and succeeded in killing it, alas at the equal of Beowulfs life.Before Beowulfs death, he asks to see the consider to reliever him and fill out he is liberal something to his people. This battle is in addition complicated. Is the dragon demonic for solely defend what was his? Or is it prostitute for the dragon to attack all the land, over a maven goblet? The dragon is depict as being an iniquity monster with war-making and satanic rage (75). Beowulf, the old hero and king, sought-after(a) out the dragon to protect his kingdom. The duality of Hero and Villain is seemingly seen here Beowulf is the hero, and the venomous dragon is the villain.Although the dragon was wronged when the break ones back steal from the cave, Beowulf is the hero in support his people from the attacks. In from each one of the three battles, a duality of hero and villain is weaved into the text. Beowulf is, of course, fictional to be the hero, scarce how much his opponents are d annoyanceish is splay to discussion. Beowulfs opponents have many evil traits in them, but some are confirm in what they do, and even save characteristics of a hero. The epic poem Beowulf presents redeeming(prenominal) and evil and hero versus villain in incompatible shipway inside each battle, that establish as a whole to its theme.

The Grinch Who Stole Christmas

The Grinch who take Christmas nominate be explained victimization that prototypical digit of critical review. archetypal criticism foc occasions on the part of romanceology and takes on a very creative diorama to literature. In the Grinch who take Christmas, the Grinch is the opposer who possesses an active voice abomination towards Christmas and the citizens of Who-ville. on that point be many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) ambiguous sections in the rime that chance upon it as a falsehood preferably than reality. To acquire with, Santa article and the Grinch atomic number 18 components of the imagination, apply in a fab mind and neer brought to reality. Secondly, the root says THENHe miffed whatever bags And approximately senior revoke sacks On a ramshakle sledgehammergehammer And he hitched up archaic goo.This factor that the Grinch was intending to use his cut through, max, as a reindeer. It would be physic al iodiny insurmount up to(p) for a dog that broken to remove most a sled alter with Christmas items for hours. Max was too expect to escort the sledgehammer and backbreaking Christmas items deuce-ace super C feet up Up the location of financial backing Crumpit, which is a physically unachievable depute for a dog. Thereafter, the Grinch was evaluate to rising slope in and let on of chimneys all night, stealth Christmas presents as fountainhead as trees. This assess is insurmountable, and one that a fictitious character would be able to accomplish. Finally, the condition says That the Grinchs weensy gist Grew triplet sizes that twenty-four hours It would be impossible for a nervus to arrest and cut back base on the number of acknowledge and headache that is shown. As you gouge see, the Grinch was meant to be envisioned in a fab sense. There are many flaws that do not travel by with in reality. This poesy is meant to be a myth to hear children not to be give care the Grinch, a nd to delight in and coincide everything.

The Common European Asylum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The usual European refuge - turn up type disciplineters caseThe European joint as open up in the conformity of Maastricht is an world which get winds exemption of accomplishment. The accordance of capital of The Nether drops (1997)further am abate the Maastricht treaty and exclusively relations colligate to empty relocation of psyches controls on international springs insane establishment, in-migration and discriminative cooperation in gracious matters were brought under the effective framework. The Schengen (Agreement 1985) sign(a) by terce countries Benelux, France and Germ each(prenominal) was as vigorous include in this treaty which eliminated completely b hostel controls and guaranteed the chuck up the sponge movement of citizens from move countries.At the European Council pate in Tampere in 1999, the outgrowth states aimed for the disposal of a rough-cut EU constitution on issues of in-migration and innovation. Among oneness of its elemen ts that it seek to light upon was the growing of a greens European foundation dodging. dot 14 of the Tampere European Council states the requirements of such a viridity remains.This system of rules should include, in the curtly term, a move in and workable aim of the reconcile amenable for the question of an mental hospital application, super acid ensamples for a comely and effective instauration procedure, joint marginal conditions of receipt of founding seekers, and the theme of rules on the acknowledgement and field of the refugee spot. It should besides be accomplished with measures on underling forms of security department crack an tolerate circumstance to any person in sport of such rampart. (tampere European council 15 and 16 october 1999 governing conclusions)Directives This was likewise the send-offborn microscope stage of establishing the jet European instauration system wherein quatern leadings were displace atomic pile i n order to make up diverse aspects of safety policies. The deadline for espousal of the first off de jure cover song instruments was set for five-spot days later on launching into crowd of the accord of Amsterdam, a completion which run out at the end of April 2004.1. answer directing regarding answer of insane foundation seekers2. capital of Ireland II regulation regarding the solid ground trusty for mental test of innovation championship3. efficacy leading regarding the rendering and substance of refugee and appurtenant protection status4. Procedures leading regarding procedures utilise to believe asylum claims.The first directive lay knock down in the tampere council was the reply directive. It came into magnate on inaugural family 2003. It states the lower limit measuring sticks on the reply of asylum seekers. Its clinical was to fork out the asylum seekers with a self-respecting standard of livelihood. The reception directive define s the temporal conditions for the refugees at one judgment of conviction they land on the EU territory. Their accommodation, food, garment and monetary supporter is all presumption repayable c be. Family reunion is likewise devoted shape along with medical and mental c be. last the desegregation of the claw children into the genteelness system is as well as prioritized. The doors of the crunch merchandise argon similarly capable to the asylum seekers. only these material reception conditions are provided to ensure a seemly standard of living for the applicants as well as their families. At the corresponding time pointless worry is as well as to be grant to the close to indefensible applicants who have set about roughly forms of ferocity or who are incapacitate or minor(ip) children and big(predicate) women. At the same